Cultural studies - workshop - Kalyaani Vallath ma'am

Welcome readers!

This also represents an institutive culture

From various concepts analysis an exceptional study called "cultural studies" came into being, where other disciplinaries are somewhere biased and digged with prejudices and taintment, with this it isn't the case, but here it suggests enlightenment, sweetness and accepting everything, whether it is religion, politics, idealism, society, and ultimately drawing oneself to the expansion of human perfectibility and that is concerned with cultural studies, particularly emphasises on "likeness to everything"!

The cultural studies

Images in fractions Suggest a core idea for elasticity with anything either if it is a literal heaven or hell, stressing oneself to such an extent, that if one is dissolved, evolved or fermented of it no matters, but  knows how to come out of it, concerning others welfare .

Understanding about the concept called cultural studies:

"Cultural studies" interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary  study of each specific culture comprises of; religion, society, politics, (school of thoughts comprising various disciplinaries), philosophed culture etc. When in other cultures, there are many deficiencies; as religion suggests rigidity and so it makes one blind to see about what is happening in and around him/her, whereas society propagates social order, where one has to act according to the society, if fails then he/she is criticized/banished from the society, Politics indicates hierarchical positions of power structure and undergoing corrupted tendency, while thought of school can be regarded with each and every aspect and idealism of life.

What cultural studies do with interdisciplinary fragments:

According to "Mathew Arnold" if one is directly denying to accept the prevailing tendency of any field, for example take religion then it will lead to "anarchy" to do away with this, and to establish "a harmoniuos society" one should accept, though for time being, what is prevailing, then by being amiable with that one should try to propagate and express their ideas, but with acceptance to the prevailing one. Then perhaps it will lead to enlightenment, sweetness and likeness to others.For example: In our class, an idea of "posthumanism" was introduced by "Kalyani Vallath ma'am" where that very idea was suggesting that: though this is an era of 21st century, but people of India are still in under influence of "conventional life" where they're not able to adapt themselves as per the situation. We were given an illustration by "Modern times" film-Michel Jackson: where "the protagonist himself is working in firm, but has become over obsessed of the mechanized world, that he lost his sensibility towards the working manner, so what happens: when a lady is walking through the path outside the firm, worn  knee length coat, but "at breast part, with equal proportionate, on both sides, buttons are stucked and he considers those to be the screw, which he is going to operate but fails to recognize that it is not what he is looking for.

Also another example of "imitative culture" was postulated in the class, where we had seen in the video, people wearing clothes, hairstyles, makeup, their outer appearance, but it was only for branding oneself and for rivalry purpose. Likewise at one side it suggests obsessiveness, while at other boundary it indicates competition going on in the world, but a true humanbeing is required to find himself/herself in between, neither obsessed nor competitive.

So here two aspects are shown, that a person shouldn't be over obsessed with technology or do away with it, but it should be moderated as literature does, travels through music and painting,  but not merge itself with it, as the time progress the superficial part is removed, while the other which suggest totality has Marks in person's personality as well is in any arena of the field.

With multidisciplinary also it deals with the same tendency.Hence this was the understanding provided us by "Kalyani Vallath ma'am" in his "one day workshop" at "Department of English". She herself was presenting an amiability with all cultures as she shared many experiences associated with domestic life, style of one's living, somewhere though one isn't willing to but one has to made one's mind flexible with it, whether it is what, doesn't matter, necessity must be considered at first and try to empathize with others, who aren't blessed and aren't even able to get what we're getting, so they must be contemplated.

AN EXPLAINATION OF CULTURAL STUDIES TO A LAYMAN:

 Conversion into dialogue form:

A layman: Hi! 

Me: Hello!

It will go on in subsequent manner-

Me:How're you?

Layman: All fine! What about you?

Me: Same here..

Me: you look nervous..You can share, your worries with me, if you like to, you will feel better..

Layman: Answer me one thing, what is religion?

Me: Religion is man's fabricated structure, comprises of values, rituals, style and manner of living, some imposed rigidity regarding religious beliefs, one has to live their life.

Layman: ok. Now tell me what is society?

Me: Society also follows a specific order of life, which comprises class differences, their different values, raising conflicts from it, a specific kind of lifestyle concerning class system and the power structure prevailing in the society. Where something from economic perspective can also be seen. I suggest you to refer some of the books, which will give you the idea of the society, prevailing then at ancient times, after that and as usual life.

Layman: You mean to say, if I'm the part of  society, I have to contribute accordingly. But in the case of failing in doing so, am I to face any consequences?

Me: Yes, ofcourse. Either you will be banished or criticized by the society or society will  urge on you to do as their regardance.

Layman: Sorry to hear this, feeling so helpless. Then what you say one should always be suppressed under religion and society, we people don't have any chances to come out of it, only because we don't know about the things prevailing in society, and as lacking in knowing the ways and means ?

Me: No, it's not so..First you should know the ways and means, and the guts of tackling it, then you might be very amiable with the society and also with religion. There is an area, which suggests acceptance of every beliefs, values, rituals, tendencies going in and around us, and expanding its roots based on it, it leads a human towards better society and also urge a human to do something for the betterment of society!

Layman: Is it so? What are you saying! Could you please name that area?

Me: yes, why not..It is nothing but a cultural studies, which comprises all interdisciplinaries and multidisciplinaries  subjects in it, like; society, religion, politics, philosophised society, digitalised society and other going to perhaps include in it, in coming time..

Layman: Wow! This sounds interesting..

Me: Exactly! It is very interesting..

Layman: Hmm..So will you guide me further how to access through this society? 

Me: Yes, Why not? See you don't have to access through this but you have to understand the way of the world, and somewhere you're also required to become amiable with that tendency for time being, but this doesn't mean that you have abandoned yourself for them, but you have to learn from the other society members, first you have to merge in them, and then gradually  you can enlighten them towards what is the actual way of living life, but you should be an outsider, you shouldn't be biased with your idealism also. Then only it will lead towards sweetness, enlightenment and likeness for life and others. 

Layman: It seems to me difficult!

Me: No it isn't difficult if you want to become so and see it will also give you the pleasure of living life among others and with others.

Layman: Yes, that's.. I will try to implement this in my life, thankyou for your kind information!

Me: My pleasure to serve you as such!

Layman: Your nicety, thankyou!

Me: Always welcome! 

Thus would be the manner in which I will try my best to explain a layman.


If I am asked to introduce "Cultural Studies" in interview my answer would be as follows...


First of all simply I will start with what tools I am utilizing for teaching, so they can understand well:
For example: there are two blackboards; white and black- both are representing different identities; one gives reflection of then prevailing educational facilitative tool and another is contemplating digitalized world. As both have different identities, they must be belonging to different cultures and as I'm here I'm also belonging to some other culture, that you can see in my personality, in my talking and behavioural manner, but I can't act with you as per my culture, here culture as has some norms, values, regulations for students as well as teachers, we also have but I have to follow thus culture for time being that is called "adaptability" or "flexibilty" towards various tendencies, keeps on confronting in our lives. Similarly you have to also cultivate such things in your life, that is called "life skills", which you should also learn, much required and essential for a humanbeing.
Which also comprises many essential skills like "working in team, listening properly, solving problems, interview skills, adaptable skills" and many, which comprises in it.
As such I will introduce "Cultural studies" in interview, If I'm asked to.



Any catchy examples given by "Kalyani Vallath ma'am" during her one day workshop:
During our ongoing session on "cultural studies" ma'am has given many examples of day to day life, of her journey from "Kerala" to "Bhavnagar" how she compromised with the gujarati food here, while there their food also differs along with their eating manner.
Then she also said their way of living life in "Kerala" where she is used to bring outside food, but doesn't cook food at home(this also suggests her folding culture, it can be assumed that people of Kerala must have "culture of food", while she doesn't concern it so).
Then she also told about the "political identity" which prevails in various areas of fields, and how people are establishing it for their own welfare.
She had given her own example: that if she has come here that doesn't mean it is only for the students, but their is something politically hidden in it, that she didn't reveal explicitly, but one can understand.
She also emphasised on "Feminine perspective" that nowadays wives want their husbands to cook in house and they want their freedom,  is this idea appropriate regarding feminine perspective? And she told that how it will be mirroring to you if your husband is cooking and you are working outside and she expressed "ridiculity" for this idea.
Then she also told about the manner in which any institute or people are working and indicated the suggestive politics, going on inside. Everything is established on "Politics" , "Politics" is centralized in every arena of life, and if  people willing to, can't deny or do away with politics.

Some may be feeling for some examples to be catchy, I'm not denying, those were,  but I personally feel that it has a  connection with "common sense" where a person has to adapt and act as the situation's requirement not as person wants to act, that would be mine own perspective, towards any examples propagated by "ma'am" (Kalyani Vallath).


Anything else.. 

She had also discussed many points regarding cultural studies with the help of digitized tool called "pptx. Presentation" and prompted many ideas of "Frankfurt school", "a thought of school", "posthumanism", "imitative tendency of culture", which also gives a new birth to a different culture, how it is established, what are the demands of that particular school according to which the responsible establishers have to work for "the culture" and how it comprises many ideas regarding culture, how they are to apply cultural studies on 'interdisciplinary" and "multidisciplinary studies".



Hence was the understanding yielded by "ma'am" which I have covered in my entire blog as well as given reflection in many views.


Thankyou
Samiya Kagdi
A learner at PG center
Department of English
MKBU


Applied sources:
Ma'am's one day workshop in Department of Englsih.

Vivid ideas - Death - John Keats/other writers

Welcome readers, let's have a look through the rather dark but light like concept, death. We must see how it affects the humanbeing, in what measure, and how according to this death is occurring psycologically, which is also described by some of the writers!

Evaluation by applying "Mathew Arnold's  theory of good poetry".

Introduction:

 John Keats is one of the second generation poets, who belongs to romanticism. He dates from 1795-1827. He wrote "six odes" in 1819, one of which I'm going to introduce in this blog called "ode to a nightingale". He became famous after his death, inspired many of the people of his age, specifically "Jorge Luis Borges" acclaimed that after encountering Keats's works, he knew about the literary significance in its precise way.

He died of "tuberculosis". A very idea of which I'm going to discuss in detail through the medium of vivid poems.

Abstract:As we know "death" has its own impact in our lives. Some percieve it as "Sigmund Freud" perceives in his study of "psycological perspectives on death" in annual reviews, where he has differently categorised how a death like concept is affecting "person's mentality", how those consider it to be, on what measure they sum it up, how some has its disguise only to have concern of others, while in respect of aged people it differs and also some who are suffering and their disease are incurable, for them one has "euthanasia device". Furthermore we would also have a glimpse of some of the "Mathew Arnold's ideas on criticism of life, disinterestedness and detachment". We are going to discuss here "Ode to nightingale" , "Death be not proud" and a fraction by a Japanese writer on death concept.

Keywords: Death, Sigmund Freud:Thanatology, Euthanasia, Mathew Arnold: disinteredtedness, detachment, John Keats: ode to nightingale, John Donne: Death be not proud, yukio Mishima: A Japanese writer, a ritual of disembowelment.

Mathew Arnold: poetry is the criticism of life, governed by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty

Two prior precautions in analyzing poem:

• Analysis/evaluation shouldn't be personal.
• It shouldn't be historical.

Views on good poetry:

Superior character of "truth" and "seriousness", in the matter and substance of the best poetry, is inseparable from the superiority of fiction and movement marking its style and manner.

As he didn't like "Wordsworth" for his "spasmodic approach to criticism" it seems as he has moral profundity rather than emotional attacking.

Let's see through some poems, how he has put forward his ideas on death.

A small fraction by Yukio Mishima:

A small night storm blows

Saying 'falling is the essence of a flower'

Preceding those who hesitate.

 - 1970

It perhaps suggests "autumn" season, which is prescribed as dead season/fall of spring and and also says that who is fearful and frightened as not encountered yet they would get hesitated and those are going to succumb somewhat unexpected in their lives. While "night can't be small" yes it can be short, phrase seems to be "small night" somewhat inappropriated/unsuited.

It can also be compared with "aged people" as they day by day loose hope of living as they are unable to, due to some weakness, refraining him/her to cope up with any situation. Becomes helpless, though willing to, but blackness of such things would prevent him/her. So as Sigmund Freud says

In "thanatology" that as they are of lower level ego and as are psycologically and physically weak, they predict a higher level of anxiety and perceive themselves to be close to death.

This idea seems to suggest "a cyclical nature" that  destines  everyone in its whirlpool and also suggests "criticism of life"(poetic beauty {given a touch of personification} and poetic truth)as per Mathew Arnold's observation for "a good poetry".

Seeing the concept of death put forward by "John Donne":

Death be not proud

Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.

"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;

For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow".

Here "Death is being challenged". As some weak(aged people) considers it to be mighty and dreadful but it isn't and as also some thinks that it has some power that it can also overthrow someone or something if it thinks.

For example: we may also have an illustrious example of "Mobydick" where captain "Ahab" is swallowed by "the white whale" and fated to death. Here mighty becomes the supernatural power and not "Ahab".

"Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.

From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be".

It is described as "helpless", suggests the tone of revolting as some adventurers do, they don't fear death and what comes to them, they easily embrace it without any hesitation and fear. It suggests that if it isn't dying then also it can't kill someone, else someone is not at rest or slept as these things prescribe(rest and sleep) death. We also  have a concept in "Thanatology"(fear of death) which allegedly leads humans to engage in risky and self-destructive acts that could lead to their own death(e.g: the case of "Dr. Jekyll" where due to his pleasurable tendency he commits many unknown sins but as it is said "Karmic theory" has some significance and it can be leaded in any form and any way to that particular person, same happens in his case and he is fated to death at last).

This poem seems to suggest "the psychology of death" how it is considered as inferior to the mighty, though it has many forms and ways to counter a person, but it can't, as human mightiness is more strengthening than deaths's.

"Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,

And soonest our best men with thee do go".

Here the lines suggest 'past' by the word "then". Where it says that "much pleasure can be derived  from death". As perhaps it is in the case where a person who is willing to die, will flow with this thought and "the best man" whom we know are named and famed people, but as unable to perform literal as they were performing earlier they accepts leisurely death.

"Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,

And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell".

As death is slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men(wants to convey that when these four elements want they will have a person's death or someone others, they have such type of ability that they can with a gesture of fingertips change the universe). While the latter line suggest the dissolving of such things into something(suggest cruelty, ordained death, destined death).

"And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well

And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?"

These two lines suggest that "death" should stay 'carefree', why it is bothering when one has such types of pleasurable stroke, where one can sleep happily without any worries, why it is burdened to hurl its stroke on others, though it isn't required.

One short sleep past, we wake eternally

And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.

Death is like "a short sleep" where one can after a short nap, wake eternally, though something unique but life will be there. So there isn't any concept of death and if there isn't death, then what to fear for so it is told that "death should die".

In this poem we saw many things parallel, how psychology of death is portrayed, concerning child(charm and poppy like elements for death) suggesting slavish kind of thing.

If evaluating it "mimetically" it seems to be true representational of life as to encourage them. We see many types of people; some have fear for death(specifically old people, as discussed under thanatology term) some are who knowingly wants to take risk of death or wants to self kill themselves(e.g: The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Dr. Jekyll himself, though educated and concerning his designation a scientist, obviously knowing all pros and cons of life, but commits many sins in an envisage of Mr. Hyde[can be said as unable to repress his natural instinct, it has overpowered him and finally he was controlled by that influence, and as unable to resist it leads him to his own fatal death]). Many are there who are willingly killing themselves term known as "Euthanasia" where people who are unable to recover, distressed and helpless, willingly abandoning their lives in order to get rid from all prospects of struggles of lives.

To understand this concept in more better way refer below mentioned two links:

1. https://samiyakagdi313.blogspot.com/2020/01/emily-dickinson-poem.html
2. https://samiyakagdi313.blogspot.com/2020/01/ode-to-nightingale-john-keats.html

Thus we saw here how death related vivid ideas are presented here, with the help of 'study of poetry' by Mathew Arnold and what is the concept of 'Thanatology' and many perspectives related to death.

Thankyou 

Samiya Kagdi

A student at PG center

Department of English

MKBU

Applied sources:

1. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47652/because-i-could-not-stop-for-death-479

2. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44479/ode-to-a-nightingale

3. https://www.123helpme.com/death-drive-preview.asp

4. https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2010/12/literary-criticism-in-age-of.html

Indian poetics-Prof-VinodJoshi-Expert-lectures

Welcome readers!

Girl symbolizes the hard-work which any of the literarists of india has taken, though many a times prevented by their own conscience(Hand that is holding the girl's hand symbolizes the naturality of conscience)

To know about how "Indian poetics" differs from "western literary criticism" in what manner, how they were focusing on result while we have centralized on process of such thing, how first the senses made its mark on human lives and then gradually it evolved with the advent of language, how it changed with leaps and bounds and still it is transiting.

-Task assigned by Dilip Barad(sir)

Rasa theory based on "natyashastra" -Bharata:
Elucidating about what is "Rasa"? It is called as such because it is capable of being tested or can be relished.

It has twofold significance:

Aesthetic relish[can be enjoyed by spectators].

Aesthetic content[can be delighted by readers].

"Rasa" is something which has a natural instinct, can be experienced through  five senses(visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory) and also related with "Panchmahabhuto"(air, water, earth, sky and fire).

How it acquires the height of "Rasa"?

When the spicy foodstuff facilitate properly the vegetables, meat or fish and make a cooked dish. The cooked dish indicates "the altitude of emotional states" or "Rasa". All these should be balanced with equal proportion.

Various fruits as ingredients:
Juice as individual rasa.

E.g: Aristotle's concept of time, place and action. While "Hamlet"-Shakespeare was reinstated as a rule breaker of these "Aristotelian tradition".

It is the business of an artist to design any work/drama, by centralizing its audience(applying mimetic criticism) at centre. Determination(vibhav) will lead to effective consequences/effect. Which would have a deep impact on the audiences. "Rasa" can be experienced rather than felt, and those emotions which are suppressed, get outleted in dramatic representation of any scene, situation and reaction of the character(guna/dosha).

Eight rhetorical sentiments felt in drama/dramatic representation:

1. Erotic
2. Comic
3. Pathetic
4. Furious
5. Heroic
6. Terrible 
7. Odious
8. Marvellous

(Comprision of these ingredients makes a perfect dish of drama)

Vinod Joshi sir also reinstated "the difference between good and different": we can correlate this idea with the concept of "the emotional state and rasa". Where "rasa" is similarised with "the permanent emotional state(king/different)" who has a very specific kind in himself/herself that as others possessed with "transient emotional state" react, he cannot. He is stable in every aspect and this particular type characteristic leading him to "kingship", so is the difference.

There are also some "abided mental conditions" called in Gujarati "sthayibhav", those are eight-school of thought-Bharata:

1. Love
2. Laughter
3. Sorrow 
4. Anger
5. Energy
6. Fear
7. Disgust
8. Astonishment

The constitution of these "abided mental conditions" generates emotions.

Which has its own stability on human personality. Some promptly react while some disciplinized with this 'bhavas' and suppresses it as we discussed in (seventh para. Under natyashastra topic).

For example: See in contradiction the character of Gabbar and Amitabh bachchan in sholay. 

Character of Iago(polished one as unable to show his real emotions) and Othello(prompt in respect with Desdemona's issue of betrayal. Likewise many examples are there.

Taken some medium to illustrate this matter is: imagination(submarine underneath the water), bhavas as primitive concept(for example: Ding dong theory), the object of language is to give life to "bhav"(as one cannot express his/her bhaav, when experiencing olfactory sense by smelling any kind of flower), Victor Hugo's reference( as a character reinstated by him in his work, who is going with a loaf of bread and it gets wet due to rains and the whole loaf is liquidized. Where the audience has to see what "Bhavas" they are countering).

"BHAVA" existed first than the language, behave has given shape to language, according to which we are forming any sentence or our thought.

Then the different but resembling concept reinstated by "Bhatt Lollatt:

There isn't any concept like "rasa" but it has to be stimulated/generated.

Shree Shankook: Rejects both's concepts of "Rasa" as both are liars. According to him it can be assumed and for that he reinstated "four types of pratiti"

• Yatharth Pratiti
• Mithya pratiti
• Sanshay partiti
• Saadashya pratiti

-Given a brief description of "Sphota theory".

With the help of these four pratitis, we are able to guess, with the wall of four ideas: exactness, assumption, doubtfulness and equivalent/proportionate feeling anything, which comes in front of us or if incase of unawareness for something.

Where he also discussed about the four ideas of four literarists:

Bhatt Lollatt: rasa exists in hero/heroine.

Shree Shankook: It can be experienced only by inference. 

Bhatt Nayak: Differentiates between ordinary and poetic language and also asserts that it is a subjective experience which is felt by audience as per their aesthetic delight.

Abhinavgupt: It is based on cognitive aspect that is (vyanjana) suggestion.

Given an example of "the alienation"-Bertolt Bretcht. Where a couple are spitting in the water.

(Also reinstated about "vibhaav", "anibhava" and "vyabhichari bhava", where he had given example of Abhigyaan and Shakuntal)

Dhvanyalok-Anandvardhan

While we have here other personality, who has introduced "Dhvanyalok" and given the concept of "suggestion":

Abhidha: Any sentence's denotative meaning.

Lakshana: getting sense of the sentence.

Vyanjana: Based on suggestion(pregnant/between the lines meaning).

[For example: Ek biladi jadi(where he narrated the whole story in "suggestive sense" that as crocodile is happen to capture cat's saree's foll and eats her up. Likewise rape cases are taking place in India on and often where crocodile symbolizes here the cruelty and vivaciousness of men(Priyanka Reddy rape case, Nirbhaya case etc).

It is called "Shabdshakti" in Gujarati and a word has constitution of meaning, where the reader is able to exploit the meaning/word which is inherent in it. It is also said by "Anandvardhan" that both "Rasa" and "Dhvani" are integrated with each other and "rasa" can be originated from its meaning  and so it is able to give "aesthetic pleasure".

Dhvani also has three types:

Vastu dhvani: Prime importance to thought.

Alamkaar dhvani: Figures of speech.Which we are going to see in some detail further.

Some ideas taken from this extract:
As dhvani and rasa are integrated with each other.

-Based on description(laukik).

Rasa dhvani: Alaukik(can be felt).

-Based on laukik(That can be described)and alaukik(which can'tbe easily decoded).

Vakrokti-Kuntak:

It is exceptional in "Indian poetics" befitted to "modern western criticism":

"Vakr" means "curving". That means here flexibility in language, meaning and words, it must have a variety of connotative meanings, aspects and ideas/to play with words. It can be related with "modern western criticism theories": Dadaism, surrealism, expressionism, absurdism, existentialism etc.
-Given an example of the curvature of universe.

Also given an example of "O henry".

In his works also we see the curvature like formations as he is famous for surprise ending and witty narration.

There are six types of "vakrokti":

Varn vinyaas vakrata: Repitition of words(alliteration[e.g: chandu ke chacha ne])

Padpurvardh vakrata: Before the pad(exclusion of subject matter)

[The farmer uses "composting system" in his agrarian field/agriculture]

Padparaardh vakrata: Next to the pad(omission of connectors).

Vaaky vakrata: Where the whole matter of any story, novel, poetry is covered up in one sentence/conveys the essence of that sentence: e.g: "To be, or not to be that is the question"/ we may have a title of any poem also.

Prakaran vakrata: where with one chapter another is linked(given example of Mahabharata:5th adhyaay linked with 20th one, "You too Brutus":Julius Ceasar-Julius. Not the whole chapter but a particle, character(Vinod Joshi sir's "Sairandhri)etc.

Prabandh vakrata: what is the form of the work, doesn't matter but what it suggests as a central idea, doesn't matter how the person is taking it.

For example: Ramayana:Significance of one idea, where the rest becomes insignificant.

With the help of these six vakroktis, the writer is able to inculcate in him such qualities:prasaad(which is spoken), Ojas(echosome sound:Narendra Modi's political speech) and maadhurya(sounding voice).

Which is exceptional in "Indian poetics" while not having in "modern western criticism".

Alamkaar(school of figures of speech)-Bhamah:

Based on two types- useful art and pure art:

The first alamkara poetician, who had given 35 types of figures of speech, which we aren't going to discuss, but he also had some followers who continued this tradition, were: Dandin, Udbhatt, Rudrata and Vamana. While "Anandvardhan(9th century A.D)" had said: rasa, dhvani and alamkara are responsible factors for the constitution of the sentence and figures of speech is such a thing, that provides suggestion from particular sentence.

Alamkara categorizes in two ways:
Shabda alamkara and Artha alamkara

While sir explained that how at extreme extent "any type of figures of speech" is dissolved (e.g: sugar in milk, where after sugar's dissolving it can't be separated but we have the sweetness of milk) if incase it is separated from its nature(sentence) then it is likely to loose its charm(E.g: As we are asked in examination to identify "figures of speech" and for this particular purpose this is separated from its very nature)

-It should be pure not Artificial and when getting detached it becomes artificial.

(All the creatures on Earth have their specific naturality, if incase detached or snatched from it, the result would be ruinsome as a humanbeing can't live in lion's den, but yes sometimes due to the realization of reality many has to adjust accordingly). So is the case with "alamkara"(totality) if irrespective of its nature.

Saimendra: Auchitya:

Shailendra-Auchitya: 

"Best words in best order". It won't look appropriate if the right thing isn't at its place but at odd spot.

Saimendra gave the concept of "Auchitya": "Auchitya is the property of expression(signifier) being an exact and appropriate analogue of expressed(signified).

Rudrat: He urged on "word's suitable composition".

Vaman-Riti/style:

Vaman says:

Place is centralized in style/riti.

Nature of language.

The frequency of poetic creation.

Style differs from region to region.

(For which he has given four ritis)

As per sir's explanation he said: it is related with different capacity of humanbeing(given an example of "Jonathan Livingston's Seagul": Where there are some less potential seaguls, while one is an exceptional in potentiality and power, who overcomes one after another challenges of its life and so is the difference between the two categories)

Also given reference of M.F. Hussain's pictures(riti).

Hence we learnt here how "Indian poetics" is based on its process rather than its result, how many writers have given contribution in particular theory differently, how a language is constituted of different elements in it, without which perhaps the language seems like void, dark, alienated and with all its components probably starts teeming with life. Not only the language is important but everything which makes a language a language.

Thankyou

Samiya Kagdi

PG student

Department of English

MKBU

Applied sources:

1. https://sites.google.com/view/maenglishmkbu/part-1/7-lit-crit-2.

2. From Bharatmuni: https://1drv.ms/b/s!ArQgE6c548bIgWGMeci9OllywrfE

(Shared from Word for Android

https://office.com/getword)

3. Some from "Vinod Joshi sir's each and every lectures.
4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natya_Shastra

Talks-Chimananda-Ngozi-Adichie

Welcome readers!

Many a times it happens that we only know, what is being included in our syllabus and we are suppose to refer to only those things, than anything outside of it. Concerning this aspect of our studies, (Dilip Barad) sir had assigned us a task, out of our syllabus "Talks on Chimananda Ngozi Adichie"(click here) to refer to her respective blog.

I liked all videos of "Chimananda Ngozi Adichie". Who has very systematically explained from beginning to end each and every concept explicitly. As first describing about what something comes into, then how it exactly looks and then finally how it can be made fair enough to both, people and the world.

For Example: In first video: Giving an example of single story. In which "An African man 'Dafie'" is presented. How only one aspect of his life is considered, though it has many(as we also come to know that his parents were doing weaving work) and how in absence of something integral, one thing becomes distortive and is being understood.

I didn't dislike at all. I liked her manner of putting forward her idea of any concept; like the single story, feminist and truth in post truth era. How first in trivial attitude, she reinstate that what is according to people a feminist(seems mere funny as she says: a woman without marriage, is considered unhappy by the people) and how with such pretensions women fulfill this entity. But she eventually crystallized actually what is precisely "a feminist". Which according to her should be, giving message of equality, equal treatment, leveling both the parties instead of inferioring one of them.

-Video on feminism:

I liked her views on first video that "one shouldn't solely refer to persons one-sided story, but rather one must be known to a person's every aspects of life, which makes a story fenced from every sides.

There is not any question of disliking. Though some of her thoughts seem ridiculous and contemptuous but literally it serves fun.

Her views on how in removal of other aspects of human life story, a story can create a misunderstanding which would be perhaps harmful for upcoming generation. In second video, she says for feminism that equality should be established for woman and man both(for which she gives noodle cooking example). In third video when she says that "Literature is religion" and for that we should read it widely, where one can encounter each and every prospects of human life, and can gain a wide understanding of actual life, which is actually true to life.

For further understanding refer to the video: truth in post-truth era.

Yes in aforementioned video and the other, those give a better understanding of what is literature and how life has connection with it.

She emphasized on telling the truth. Whether it will devalue your position, whether it is a politicized place, wherever you are your voice can't be suppressed but should convey what is fair to. To know human through literature is life. Where "the literature makes us flexible, and we are able to see the ugly aspect of the world(e.g: imperfect/fragile people) and through which we can evaluate and make ourselves learn what to take and what to abandon.

Hence we knew here "Chimananda Ngozi Adichie" who is an established writer. Through her we learnt her perspective of seeing life, which lens she wears and which she avoids to wear and when need arises how she adapt herself to see the world with both lenses.

Comparing ancient times prevailing feminism tendency with contemporary times:

In ancient times we have seen in many movies, where women are used to do household work, indulge in farming activities either officially or domestically(but always differentiated in financial aspects in accordance with men) and look after their husband and children.

• To refer to how "feminism like concept" revolved from ancient to contemporary times, I have mirrored some videos:

women in ancient times.

A woman as a common wife for five husbands.

How the concept changes in contemporary times.


Thus we learnt here how the aforementioned  concept gets change from time to time, though always actively reflecting the people/society, still it isn't completely able to rub its mark from its treaded land, the issue can't be looked partially,women are also involved in creating new issues of feminism and also it is also supporting the idea of "Chimananda Ngozi Adhichie" about feminism.

Thankyou 

Samiya Kagdi

PG student

Department of English

Applied sources:

1.https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2018/08/talks-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html.
2.https://youtu.be/zU9eaxjEgko
3.https://youtu.be/VVcT-Cy83uI
4.https://youtu.be/Bj8YPoN4OB0

All-is-well song

I. A. Richards: Analytical criticism on song:

कनफूज़न ही कनफूज़न है सोल्युसन कुछ पता नही

सोल्युसन जो मिले तो साला Question क्या था पता नही|

1. Here the mental state of students is described that how they are confused, when they don't know what is the solution and if incase they got a solution, they won't be able to recall the question, Such is the mental state. Sometimes it happens due to our puzzle like attitude towards anything, coming before us.

स्कॉलरशिप की पिया दारू गम तो फिर भी मिटा नही

अगरबत्तिया राख हो गयी, God तो फिर भी दिखा नही

बकरा क्या जाने उसकी जान का क्या होगा

सीख घुसेगी या साला कीमा होगा|

2. Still blindly worshiping of God is prevailing, where solely a human is simply waiting for God, doesn't know if either he/she is existing or not. The very lines of the song suggests that the future is indefinite, a student as not being able to do its excellent part has to suffer more and ultimately moving towards God or relying on hope that he/she will get passed. But they exactly don't know whether what is going to happen as goat doesn't know if it is going to be killed and if it is killed what is going to become of it. How humanbeing are going to utilize its flesh for their eating.

For example: Piku(as Amir Khan is harrassed by Swamiji at last in the picture).

Associating this matter with this song, it can be said that many students as unable to score on their own, depends on their respective Gods, and without doing any hardwork, expects from him for their welfare of result.

Furthermore he wants to say that we aren't physicist that we may predict: what is going to happen, but we are humans. Who themselves don't know how indefinite is their future. So he gave some funny examples of "Bakra, jaan". Also it can be compared with muslims festival "Eid-ul-Adha" and parallely with some Hindus "who also sacrifice goat" and naming this ceremony as "bali".

Scholarship is used here satirically as one cannot gain anything by only singing the songs of it. One has to do required hardwork for it then only one can gain otherwise cannot.

जब Life हो आउट ऑफ कंट्रोल, होंटो को करके गोल

होंटो को करके गोल, सीटी बजाके बोल

आल इज़ वेल|

मुर्गी का जाने अंडे का क्या होगा, क्या होगा

अरे Life मिलेगी या तवे पे Fry होगा..हो हो हो|

Moreover he says: If hen is going to hatch a chick or its egg or is about to fry, the hen doesn't know.

Hence we saw here how students are mirrored with indefinite, how without doing hardwork they became use to false beliefs and Hope's while they also don't know if it is going to work or not.

Thankyou!

I.A. Richards-Verbal analysis

Welcome readers!

Concerning I.A.Richards, we are to do critical interpretations of any variety of song, hymn, poem or on any poetic expression, where we have to also keep in mind "four types of misunderstandings" discussed by the critic and based on the essay's analysis, we have to give poetic expression on any work selected by us(click here)refraining ourselves from old criticism:

-Task assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad(sir)

E=mc2 - Dave Proffitt, taken for critical interpretation based on four misunderstanding:

Energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared

This mass-energy equivalence within this formula compared

Essentially saying a small amount of matter contains a lot of energy

Reflected in elegant brevity this ultimate energy-mass synergy

Sets the cosmic speed limit to the speed of light

That mass becomes infinite no matter what the might

Albert got us to think about a brand new space-type rhyme

Combined them both together in a dimension called space-time

Albert’s playmate of the mind  fascination with the speed of light

Gave Albert new ideas with its effect on times  new insight

Clocks through the universe flying in high values of “c”

Run so much slower than the ones right next to you and me.

Thank you Albert Einstein for thinking “outside the box”

For showing us Newtonian physics are a different kind of block

At the speed of light becomes a round hole to a square peg

the Chandrasekhar Limit to star mass a black hole does beg.

A concept  taken by the poet.

First of all we see here: Newton and Chandrashekhar are removed from the landmark of physics, while "Einstein" is given due importance, and is appreciated as a thinker of 'outside of box' and as having 'a new insight for the process of combining "space-time(mass&energy)", which has generated for him 'new ideas' for time(c).

If we do its literal translation, we may gain an idea that the aforementioned formula is based on "Energy=Mass": Both are equivalent to each other as shown by "Einstein" and both can be compared with each other. Mass is an entity in itself, which consists of a very small amount of matter, but when both 'E' and 'M' are synergized, they are thrashed with 'C' (time) and are becoming infinite, which are transformed into "space-time" dimension and are possible for the effect on time that has generated for him a new idea and also he is thanked by the poet.

 1. The word "Mass" can be used for "density/quantity/people(mass of people)/substance and energy is equivalent to the growth of mass(people).Energy can't be equal to mass, while here it isn't mentioned "the amount of energy or what type of energy, what type of frequency it has or how severe it is. Energy can be also compared with 'strength or will power' that can defeat the mass/have a solution. Furthermore 'time can't be massed' as it is translucent/transparent and goes in a very light manner.

  "The speed of light squared".

2. As we see when there is natural light of sun/moon or any other object of the universe, it only has a ray of light and with the help of it the rest area/region is brightened and the other amount of infrared radiation is emitted to mars. If it is squared then in what manner, the light has been covered? Or transformed in square into some universe objects as we have stars in the universe? But those are made up of up and down triangle like shape.. than how?

"The cosmic speed limit to the speed of light; that mass becomes infinite no matter what the might".

3. The cosmic(energy+mass) limit to the speed of light: Here a question arises that how a combined object can limit its speed, when encounter with light. Was the poet has described this concerning "the spirit entering into its light". Which we see many a times a sublimation of a spirit, enters just with a break into its infinite world and is removed from the Earth. But here the space-time becomes infinite then how the theories are getting altered by various physicists from time to time. While on another side we see light also emits energy, then it can be doubled the energy with prior  one than becoming static by light. It can't be easily digested.

"Albert's playmate of the mind".

4. Here "Albert's mind is considered as his own playmate". Yes it is there that mind can go, wherever a person wants it to go. But sometimes it has been broken out due to some weak mental faculties. The very meaning suggests "both Albert and the mind are playing with each other". While here it is possible only with an animate thing like "Albert" or it suggests as Albert is playing with his mind, just in testing manner.

"Fascination with the speed of light".

5. Perhaps here  "Einstein's imagination" is compared with light like transparency, which doesn't have any barricade just going on smoothly on its instructed way. But imagination can't be with the speed of light and it can't help to fascinate anything as it is an inanimate thing(seems as personification is utilized here). But it can be with such translucency.

"Clocks through the universe flying in high values of 'c'".

6. Clocks are inanimate things and those can't fly(personification is used). It seems as some insignificant thing is given significane(in the form of time). As the nest is insignificant without its occupier/home/any place.

"Run so much slower than the ones right next to you and me".

7.  Though the poet hasn't mentioned, who is standing beside him and the other person, to whom he is addressing. But both are compared with time which is running slow than them. How a transparent speed is comparable with concrete one?

Here it seems as new kind of documentation as it has increased the power of thinking by enhancing curiousity to know more(e.g: the speed of light and imagination; clocks flying for c etc.) and by comparing one after another getting new ideas(sublimation of spirit with breaking manner, nest/home vs clock as a formed structure for shelter for humanbeing as well as for bird or any creature)

Also the other analytical approach of criticism is fulfilled, where I have explicitly mentioned what I have think or feel and at what possible reasons it can be liked or disliked by me. Moreover the last approach is also fulfilled of by hearing and reading how to frame our understanding accordingly.

You would see in my poetic expression for this particular poem, how this poem has made me very much  curious, raise such questions, how it has helped me to  reflect my feelings and thinking along with it only by understanding(read and hear) one can write such work, otherwise cannot.

Hence we saw here by considering "four misunderstandings of I.A. Richards essay, how I have interpreted the above mentioned poem and then related it with the analytical critical approaches along with the approval of having been done.

Refer to this song:(https://samiyakagdi313.blogspot.com/2019/12/all-is-well-song.html) based on the same idea as mentioned above.

Comparing both below mentioned songs parallely, with the same tools applied in aforementioned lyrics:

Released on 1st sept.,2015 on YouTube by Tseries company:

Har pal meriyaan yadaan

Yadaan vich ae tun

Dil di gal main dassa

Te dassa fir kinnu (x2)

Teri meri, meri teri ik jind'di

Ik jind'di what to do

Jhoomu main naachu main gaaun ke likhun

Tere liye main kya karun

https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/honeysingh/dheeredheerese.html

In this we may see the influence of indi-pop music and also the song starts with different words of lyrics rather than similarizing the old version of the same lyrics. It has also been recited in Punjabi language. In old version it has serious tone, while in new version it has delightful tone, going on in zig zag beats, both versions have the same complaining words/describes their emotional state by being in love.

The song says that: someone is hangovered by someone's thoughts and he/she wants to express his/her situation. But the question arises, to whom? Perceives as they both have the same kind of life but to acquire one what one should do, either he can only swing or dance or sing.

When looking it critically, the reader may think that what he/she doesn't have any work than keeping on recalling someone. If one does such thing then perhaps he may be emotionally distortive/fool. Why not one can be settled by easily getting Mary to someone, rather than doing such silly things like; dancing, singing and swinging: only to earn someone's heart.

धीरे धीरे से मेरी ज़िन्दगी में आना

धीरे धीरे से दिल को चुराना





तुमसे प्यार हमें है कितना जान-ए-जाना





तुमसे मिलकर तुमको है बताना




जब से तुझे देखा, दिल को कही आराम नहीं

मेरे होठों पे एक तेरे सिवा कोई नाम नहीं





अपना भी हाल तुम्हारे जैसा है साजन





बस याद तुझे करते हैं और कोई काम नहीं



बन गया हूँ मैं, तेरा दीवाना


https://www.hinditracks.in/dheere-dheere-se-meri-zindagi-me-aana-lyrics-hindi-aashiqui




धीरे धीरे से दिल को चुरानाIn this song we say the typicality of love. Where one says: since she/he has seen someone, he/she is unable to be in rest and since then he/she is talking only about his/her beloved/suitor. While this can be thought at the same juncture as about the prior new version.


Hence we see here how the two songs, though different in some respect to lyrics, but similarises in some aspects and has influence of both 1990s(based on filmi-ghazal) and 2015(Indi-pop), and the difference can be seen clearly.



A question arises in mind that as it was composed under influence of modern era in India, can it be said as we saw a poem and song, critically evaluating with I.A. Richards modern western influence of close textual reading tendency, it has been influenced with modern era tendency though in some respects..

Thankyou 

Samiya Kagdi

PG student

Department of English

MKBU

Applied sources:

1. https://samiyakagdi313.blogspot.com/      2019/12/all-is-well-song.html.

2.  https://allpoetry.com/poem/12394022-      E-mc2-by-Dave-Proffitt.

3.  Basic understanding of "Einstein              theory".

4.  https://samiyakagdi313.blogspot.com       /2019/12/all-is-well-song.html.

5. https://www.hinditracks.in/dheere-dheere-se-meri-zindagi-me-aana-lyrics-hindi-aashiqui.

6. https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/honeysingh/dheeredheerese.html