Jaques-Derrida-Deconstruction-Analysis-Education-System

Hello Readers 

Anecdote on Deconstruction : Derrida observing building minutely and obsorbing the structure of the building, abruptly shared his observance with Rita.

Derrida: Can you see this well constructed building? How it has been built! With proper elevation, structure, well furnishing from outside and inside, nicely colored and insulated, surrounded by garden and seems to be result of proper 'architectural planning', as the building says so..!

Rita: Are you sure, that what you are seeing, is actually a building? It seems to me something different as giving me an indication of absence of something, which perhaps you're unable to look in..
Derrida: Absence! Oh I got you perhaps you want to say that there must be a bungalow/apartment/duplex here..? But here it is building..
Rita: Not that absence. I am talking with reference to this building's being...!...
Derrida: You mean to say "being of this being(building)"? ..
Rita: yes..
Derrida: I got you!

...And he says that the absence of "sand, concrete, cement, bricks, wood, such materials useful in building a capacious and lavish building" are absent here, which I wasn't able to see, but indicated by you. 

     Thankyou!

Comprehension on "Deconstruction"

     Deconstruction can't be defined as said by "Derrida"(The very picture supports the idea of Deconstruction)But he says incase it can be defined then at what limits and what extent? Furthermore he says: this isn't a negative term but " an inquiry into the very foundations of western philosophy and the intellectual system, which is based on binary oppositions". But by rectifying he says that: he doesn't want to subvert the western philosophy as "Heideggar"(as they consider "being of beings" insignificant) wants, he only wants to transform the thinking of those people.Derrida also tries to persuade "Heideggar" a philosopher, to look into the system of philosophy, concerning "phonocentricism" rather than "writing". He says: "Logocentricism is manifestation of phonocentricism". While he himself in his book on Grammatology, emphasises on "writing rather than on speech".

      As we move further we also see that there isn't audible difference between "to differ & to defer" but in terms of spelling and writing it has difference. It is a new coined termed which Derrida has taken from German to French. While in English it is as "difference". But difference doesn't imply anything rather than "force" and "force" is suggestive of "differentiation" which keeps the word's meaning postponed rather than giving its ultimate meaning, while it has chances of resuming. If we see this in terms of "sign, structure & play"-Derrida:

Structure of garden/park, sign for playing and signifier as children's playing spot/can be signified as a space in hotel/motel, a space in house, a park where anyone can sit, wander and can do what one likes.

       we see that 'word' and 'meaning' is connected with each other. But if we try to get the word's meaning from dictionary it will give an ample of words rather than arriving at its conclusive meaning and likewise it will also keep on recurring with 'signifier' which leads to another 'signifier'(a rose/an ass) though signified but requires for "transcendental significance". Which also has "Opaqueness" rather than "transparency"(as communication has, societal and conventional) so it is in illusion and it has 'aesthetic delight' in it as so it is constituted with "figurative component" as Derrida says referring to "Wordsworthian idea of Romanticism".

     Moving further from this, we also come to know that "Derrida" hasn't shown any method, a specific analysis/critique to do "deconstruction" nor it is awaiting for determination or connotating negativity for destroying the system, but it is concerned with demonstration and the entire process is done abstractly so only the thin air is visible in blurring state, but Derrida says: If one knows this thin line then perhaps one will get an idea, on what Derrida is hinting at.
     Yale school itself is famous for "Deconstruction" as it is developed there along with its developer; Hoggart, Harold Bloom, Paul De Man and one other, who are known as "Hermeneutic mafias" of this school. Where they introduced "three characteristics of this particular school" which we're not going to discuss in detail. Then lastly we also have some schools; cultural studies, feminism, Marxism, historical etc. These schools are also deconstructed accordingly and we have concerning each and every field "a new established renovated field" which is actually perhaps "postponed" as per its meaning(e.g: As today there is constant deconstruction to establish staunch female identity, rather than giving importance to phalus-a male sexual organ).

Thus we came to know here how "Derrida" by seeing every object, thing, medium which was established on traditional terms are deconstructed, and given a new form by "Derrida" so the people who were unable to see the gaps, absence, deficiency on present being can see it clearly and evaluate and critique on those accordingly.

Application of 'Deconstruction theory' on 'Virtual classroom educational system.

“I always dream of a pen that would be a syringe.”

― Jacques Derrida

Indicates future of a 'pen' in the form of 'syringe' as the traditional education system suggested forthcoming educational system(absence of the presence, but in prediction mode).

"An inquiry into the very foundation of education" in terms of ancient, medieval, contemporary and forthcoming time".

 History of education in India.

(Ancient & Medieval)

 Classroom Structure:

        In ancient times, students have to go to their 'Guru's home' to gain education, where they were required to study as well as to do 'household activities' for their gurus. While in 'Medieval classroom structure' they were required to go in 'maktabs'(primary level education), 'madrasahs'(higher level education). Where they were only focused on studies. When seeing both the aspects of 'ancient' as well as 'medieval' educational systems, we came to know that today's classroom, though partly virtual and partly physical but technology has much reformed the level of eduaction, where we see from 3rd B.C. to 1500 B.C. and forward have become merged in present times and given a number of steps forward to education system, as a result we have 'virtual' as well as 'physical' classroom. While of future we can only predict that there may be perhaps 'virtual classroom' which may be running by 'robots'.

A man questioning vivid questions to 'Sophia' a robot and "the intellectual personality" is giving answers in turn for each and every question.

 Medium of Instruction

      Concerning the medium of instruction in education. In ancient times/in times of Vedas, there were two sects; 'Vedas' themselves and 'Buddhists'. Vedas preferring 'Sanskrit' as a medium for instruction, while 'Buddhists' preferred 'Pali language'. In 'medieval times' it was furthered by 'Islam'as they were in power, and so they preferred; Urdu, Arabic, Persian as well as Arithmetic and Science languages. These languages were divided into two sects; concerning secularism and religion. In present time, if we see the same thing we can't find how it has folded its sheets into a technological aspect, where people can get anything required from "internet" rather than relying on "physical books" and as time advances a new field/idea/concept is introduced in education system, sometimes from one field another hidden field is emerging(for example: we have various categories in feminism, if we have imperialism then also we have colonialism not very much, but linear difference in it and etc.).
 In medieval period also students were required to learn by themselves, which wasn't so in ancient times. The parallel thing can be seen in existing time but it is now available online, but to search something also academicians are required to cultivate such rationality to develop the sense of searching or surfing on internet level, because "the internet" also understands the human language, and it also serves, what a human wants, sometimes beyond one's understanding, but one needs to sense that sense which internet wants its users to comprehend. Perhaps as we can predict the forthcoming generation would be with "perfect coding language" or "numerical language".

Administration

     In ancient times exams wasn't administered, so the exams weren't required to be taken, the purpose of education was only to "self-control" & to develop one's personality", to indulge in "spirituality" and "social activities". On another side, in 'medieval times' administration came into being with law in education, science and medical(as then monitoring system was prevailing in class,  where a student was to monitor a class in absence of his/her teacher). 


 If we see the same thing in prevailing education system, administration can be done in two ways, physically as well as virtually, while virtually many precautions are required to be taken, otherwise the person himself/herself/hirself may be thrashed in danger zone, and without his/her/hir attempt noone will be able to drag oneself out(e.g: Computer ethics).

 Established Educational Values

       In ancient times, the thinking tendency of mortality/immortality was prevailing, it can be said something of "metaphysics of presence" as said by "Derrida" and perhaps also the question of 'morality' but not much in practice, as it wasn't needed for the sacredity of education system. In medieval times it came into being as said in previous topic also, that then "monitor system was prevailing" and the purpose was to educate people at scholarly level than merely using them for societal benefits, perhaps on the verge of all rounder but not accomplished as wanting.


 In present times we found that with the advent of technology, people have become much smarter than technology, where they are fearless of copying in examination and considering their theft as ethically 'righteous thing' as if they were unable to get the right answer, they just got help from someone. In their perspective it may be right, but not in authority's who is observing.

Curriculum

    In ancient times, the education system was tutelaged with religious and spiritual scriptures. According to which students were suppose to shape their lives. If we see the same thing in  'medieval times' the main purpose of muslim rulers were to produce more scholarly personalities, out of any institution and so "the pen was given much importance than martyr's blood". Arithmetic, Laws, Science, Urdu, Quran, Medical etc, were included in curriculum of that time, through which the purpose of transmission of 'Islam religion' was also practised.
 While we see this in comparison of present times, this era is inclusive of all these then prevailing tendencies and produced a new merged, coloured, variant and an individual entity of this age in various forms; say in arts, commerce, science, social studies, computer science or in any inclusive field, which can be included in it and it happens that as a particular tendency ripens its roots, it transforms into a huge umbrella term.

   For example: Cultural studies: which is based on interdisciplinary as well as multidisciplinary studies.

Deconstructive_Analysis_on_the_same_idea

As the "virtual classroom idea" is taken for "deconstruction". We see in its absence 'the traditional as well as medieval times educational system'. In past in absence of 'synchronous system of learning' we had 'asynchronous system'. Where in place of white board, marker and chemical for wiping out black board, there was blackboard, chalk and duster system. In former one, one can easily wipe out without spreading pollution, while in latter one has to rub out and pollution will get spreaded, through the particles of chalk, which is made up of 'calcite mineral' known as 'carbon rock'. It also suggests "the marker of one's history" though it can't be because at that time, technology wasn't existing, so obviously there won't be any device for recording, but we can take this in "foot prints/finger marker", seems to be mere a structure that reveals an identity of utilization, for welfare purpose of its seekers/learners.
Moving to the aspect of curriculum, "synchronically if we look, we're served material through 'academic internet website' along with concerning video and audio clips, to clear our understanding of  any uncomprehended topic/subject. In its absence if we see then 'religious scriptures and in medieval times the advent of medical, law faculties etc, will catch our sight, comparatively  today we have an ample of disciplines, which are integrated and are interdependant on one another. Likewise are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches, which can be done by plentiful knowledge of various disciplines with an individual entity, but this is such an entity, which can be transformed in a newer form if utilization is done in a proper way. While predicting future of various faculties, perhaps the coming generation will be replacing or generating "brain apps".

Conclusion

         Thus if we look into all three phases, we found that the then prevailing two phases 'medieval as well as in ancient times' both had 'cracks and fractures with gaps' which is perhaps filled by 'the present time' with dissemination of information and science and technology. As in ancient times; 'religion along with spirituality' was standing aloof, while at this time perhaps, science & technology is going to stand apart without any moral, ethical and meditative support. As itself science  and technology has acquired such a space that it itself is able to provide all human needed values. Where a human can satisfactorily though smartly has to utilize with what he/she is bestowed with and perhaps will need rigorous meditation than needed in usual life. If we see the same thing in administration/the established values, it seems that at that time as due to ignorance, avoidance and lack of knowledge, in every prospects, shallowness was there, it has been only filled with  advent of technology and dissemination of information.

Thankyou
Samiya Kagdi
A Learner at PG center
Department Of English 
MKBU

Applied Sources

• http://prasanthvenpakal.blogspot.com/2014/11/education-during-medieval-period.html.

• https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2015/03/deconstruction-and-derrida.html.

• https://www.india-a2z.com/education-in-ancient-india.html

• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/islamic-education-during-medieval-india/84833

4: A-Survey-on-Views-of-Marriage-associating-with-Romantic-Victorian-Era

Welcome Readers!

Since from the anciency
you trapped the Innocency,
In the cage of marriage.
Giving the name of social/cultural institution;
You spreaded your virus,
Through Rome, tribes also recorded in the Bible.
How is your very nature?
To trap any creature!
But given freedom to non-sensical feathers..
From time to time you brought a few new versions of marriage,
Unconcerned for the outcomes;
Whether monogamy, polygamy or multituant gamy concept!
Why didn't you think of an alteration;
Retaining your very term,
But transiting your very nature;
And see how with constant practice,
It is furthering from generation to generation..!
Tell me whether to be proud of ?
Or
Curse to your instinction?

As a result people gain freedom to their very restriction;

Don't know altogether an inclusion of liberantain and homosexual,

But still waiting for an upgraded version...


To be continued...


VIEWS ON MARRIAGE

With reference to Victorian Era & Romantic Era if we look into the views on marriage, concerning two novels subsequently; Sense & Sensibility(pub. In three volumes, 1811) by Jane Austen and Middlemarch(Pub. In Eight installment from 1871-1872), we will find in the former novel, only the influence of love & marriage, seems as a woman / girl's only purpose on Earth is to get marry, have children and then the family. While in the latter novel, we will see contradiction in marriage, and between couple's ideals and those ideals become the major reason for conflict in marriage. Moreover where there is submission, the marriage gets on very well(marriage of Celia and Mr. Chattam).

Let's see how since ancient times, it is prevailing, how from time to time the aspect keeps on changing, to what extent it has influenced the people and at present time what is actually the need of people, marriage, love, mutual understandingor something else..

As the above mentioned video speaks about the history of marriage, started from Rome, later on practiced by Chinese and Tribal people. But how from time to time it changes its values and goals.

I had carried on a survey on the marriage, and tried to know, vivid views of the people regarding marriage.

A screenshot of survey

Where I found that most of the people like to remain single than getting married or going on with love marriage. Then love marriage was also given down rating by the people.

If we try to see the same thing in context of the novel called Sense & Sensibility, we're to see that the novel describes the romantic relationships of both; Elinor and Marianne.

One, who represents "sensibility" by being passionate and emotional is dragged into an unending stream of emotionality while the another one, representing "sense" by being practical, prudent who always spoke after giving any thought a moderation and believes in resignation and acceptance rather than ignorance.

In both the cases, involvement of love is seen and it is this step, which will gradually lead to get marry to their respective beloved ones.

Though we have seen that Marianne talks about her love for (Shakespaere's poetry, music and dance) but all in all it can only be seen as the novel representing the romance happening among Marianne & Willoughby / Colonel Brandon and Elinor & Edward Ferrars, how they're behind making their lovestory successful and ultimately which leads to the climax of marriage.

Which seemed to be related with interdependancy rather than living life with free will.

Furthermore the aspect of "arrange marriage is also seen" regarding Fanny, her mother and her preference of selecting bride, who must have a huge sum of money / material things to carry as a dowry for her in-laws and husband. Otherwise the girl won't get preference.

While in Middlemarch we see the idealism behind marriage (concerning Dorothea), submission in terms of marriage between Celia & Mr. Chettam and ambition(idealism also can be said here) considering Lydgate.

Seems as the relation of marriage is already being built on expectation, concerning Dorothea, a glimpse also can be seen in Rosemary (Lydgate's wife) and yes the last one, in Celia's case as she believes in domestication, she can easily adjust with her husband with submission as is somewhat materialistic in view, so what a husband wants? To engage his wife, where she wants herself to.

In my survey a question was asked and that was: "what is marriage"?  I got variety of answers that it is mere a social construction / custom, and involvement of two families(arrange marriage) or a bonding between the two.

A screenshot of marriage survey

Other was about 497 section, which speaks about "the decriminlization of adultery". Some of the answers which I got from this survey was, it is fine, some says man is targeted of being unfaithful to his wife or gives both the partners freedom. Then a question arises that then what is the use of getting marry? Why not to then remain single and live life teeming... Because marriage is something which is based on faithfulness, yes who're not having problems in their lives / in marriage lives, why not to sit aside and solve the problem, with mutual understanding rather than peeping outside.

Seems as "Tu nahi toa koi aur sahi"..

A question on "liberantain aspect was also asked". Some had agreed upon, some denied and some were in between.

"Being liberal" is nice in life but in relationship though not on the part of the duo, who are involved in relationship, but the outsiders may be having many doubtful questions regarding the nature of that very relationship. Which proved to be the contamination for that relationship, where one's faithfulness, love involvement and fidelity would never be counted. The calculation will only be done of the manner of that relationship.

Also talked about "Vasudev Kutumbkam ideology" where some were telling that they still follow, some were in between, some didn't bother about it at all.

It seems as "marrige system" is something which is only concerning reproduction and social bondage nothing else. Though the thing has changed and still evolving in contemporary times but it seems as the social norms and values were only enforced on women rather than on men or having the idea of equal distribution between the two.

Hence now the tendency and the concept of marriage is able to achieve transparency where people are free to think about their lives on their own, an applausive hand of education is behind this free will. Otherwise it wouldn't have been made as such as due to education people got awareness and accordingly they learn to see the socio-cultural differences and gradually of economy, regarding men & women relationships and as per the tendency it has its reflection on society as well as on people.

Thankyou

S. Y. Kagdi

A Learner at PG center

Department of English 

MKBU

Digital-Humanities-Mathew-G-Krishenbaum-21st-Century

DIGITAL HUMANITIES

Introduction: As we know 'digitization' and 'humanities' both are differing in context as well as in meaning and tendency. Humanities and digitization, both are intersected with one another, they former means 'computing' the latter represents 'disciplines of humanities' which has relevance with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. Let us see what "DH" is doing in 'English Departments, with half a dozen of reasons, and actually what is "DH" and if it can be utilized in indian languages or not. 

DH 

DIGITAL HUMANTIES is given many names such as 'humanities computing', 'humanistic computing', how both are intersected with each other as discussed above and how finally drawn towards "DIGITAL HUMANITIES". 

DH involves teaching, researching, creation and invention. Its very nature is methodological and has scope in its disciplines. It studies how the media has corrupted these disciplines and in turn what these disciplines has provided to media in the form of literary information and how both can be parallely travel towards digi+humane world, with flexible integration. Disciplines such as History, Philosophy, Sociology, Psycology, Humanity, linguistics, styles, music and many more can be considered. While in 'digitization' the required information is utilized and transformed into knowledge with the help of 'data mining tools'. 

There are 'six reasons' of why digital humanities is in English department. 

Reason No-1 

After numeric input, there was text based data processing system, which was tractable unlike images, videos and audios. While it is a long tradition of text based data processing system, which was also within the capabilities even of some of the earliest computer systems, and that has for decades fed research in linguistics, styles and author attributive studies. 

As aforementioned stanza says the computer language was at first numeric, and after it was text based. But with the help of text, a meaning was conveyed to any variable and it has to function or work accordingly, if ethically it is right or wrong doesn't matter, depends on one who is operating rather than who is benefitting or mutilating. While it also emphasise on "writing record" rather then "phonocentricity". As it has excluded(the computer wasn't able to process those images, videos and audios, as it was able to process the text based data, and with the help of which command was given to the respective variable. 

For example : c+++ / Java / Python languages. Prior to this war trajectories were created to fought against enemies, and a digitized psychologist was made in it who was studying, analyzing the character, and as per her / his synthesized probable hypothesis giving the solution to any 'psychological ill people'. 

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-computer/ 

Here you can refer by tapping on link, how computer ethics is having it's long journey, starting with exercising/practices of vivid humanities, and then coming to cybernetics and internet. 

Reason No-2 

Computer constitutes composition 

There is the long association between computers and compositions, almost as long and just as rich in its lineage.

As computer and composition are coassociated both are interdependent on one another. With mixture of both a task can be carried out healthily.

Perhaps if we assume, human mind can function smoothly on both numbers as well as text (data), which a human is absorbing in him / her and gradually by undergoing process, it is coming out as an information, where and when a need arises, then when it is having any impact / effect on forth coming circumstances it is becoming knowledge... 

Reason No-3 

Rossetti Archive-Jerome Mc Gann

Which is described as a vehicle for 'applied theory' standing as paradigmatic. 

The pitch perfect convergence between the intense conversations around editorial theory and method in the 1980s and the wide-spread means to implement electronic archives and editions very soon after. 

Reason No-4 

Belle Lettristic Project

Much promoted project around the hypertext and other forms of electronic literature that continues to this day and is increasingly vibrant and diverse. 

Reason No - 5 

Sony walkman 

Openness of the English departments to cultural studies, where computers and other object of 'digital material culture's become the centerpiece of analysis. With which we can record our voice or listen someone's voice, reliable to read study material / to enhance listening skills or to utilize as per our needs, whenever it is needed. 

Reason No - 6 

E-Reading 

An explosion in e-reading and e-books devices, like the kindle, I-pad and nook and the advent of large scale text digitization projects.

If we throw some light on e-reading, on internet, that has now become a small global world, where anytime access is possible, which isn't like physical world, where each facilitative aspect is needed to run our lives. But to just tap by a finger tip and a person is able to go beyond his / her imagination. While it has happened that the more information is, the more it is getting stuck, than processing the information, so a person isn't everytime able to project herself / himself but sometimes with quite maturity he/she has to suppress his / herself. 

Obviously it can help very much in research, even it would be more reliable than physically going somewhere and getting, what one is needing. As we saw earlier that it is an aide which help humanity to digitize, but literally not digitizing but making our work nearly handy. 

If we see as it is affiliated with "English language" can it possibly get merge into other "Indian Languages"? 

Then if we look into the past to the "History of English language" under "the renaissance period" : There're responsible factors, like religions, evolution and revolution of such prevailing things (from 1500 onwards) and so as a result some words were emerged, practised and included in English language and for that needing people's constant practice and exercising of language aspects was fulfilled, else it wouldn't be made possible and so English language evolved as such and made a "digitized status". While the other regional / Indian languages remained static and even wasn't able to go out from their own arena, so how it would be made possible to enjoy such extension of language? That may be remaining a question mark.. 

Thus we saw here "the constitution of DH", the six reasons of "what DH is doing in English Department" and how Indian languages are seeming ignorant as didn't get inclusion in any rich status or lesser than that as English language is able to acquire. 

Thankyou 

Samiya Kagdi 

A learner at PG center 

Department of English 

MKBU 

APPLIED SOURCES 

Barad, D. "Research prospects in Digital Humanities". Dilipbarad.blogspot.com, 

https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2016/02/research-prospects-in-digital.html. 

Krischenbaum, Mathew, G. "What is digital humanities & what is it doing in English departments?" ADE Bulletin (2010):7. 

CS_In_Practice_Frankenstein_Hawthorne_His_Market

Welcome Readers!

Frankenstein / Hawthorne and his market

Introduction : Frankenstein as a scientific novel, how it had influenced its particular age, where a monster is seen in different areas of field; a revolutionary birth, as a proletarian, natural philosophy-cyborg by concerning its political and scientific aspects. Which is also seen in respects of popular culture of film adaptations, stage etc. While seeing parallely 'Hawthorn and his market' it conveys that by being a classical writer, this writer has many difficulties, going on, forthcoming and already existing but he made his way and made his works to be published.

Reading Frankenstein As A Cultural Critic:

In cultural studies, Frankenstein can be read as both; with political and scientific concerns as well as yielding afternoon entertainment to generations.

In former part we can see in subtopics : Revolutionary births, the creature as proletarian,  a race of devils and how it transforms from natural philosophy to cyborg. While in latter part we see "the frankenpheme in popular culture, utilizing it with fiction, drama, film and television.

Subsequenty if we try to see Frankenstein with both the features, as it is just the invention by Mary Shelley in Romantic era, it has been considered as revolution, which is related with genetically engineered "Frankenfoods" like testtube babies and cloning.  The other "a creature as a proletarian, struggles between survival and social inacceptancy, as well as the difference and effect of radical and ideal knowledge. While parallely  "a race of devils" is something which narrates the constitution of Negro people, who are yellow in color, has much physical strength(cyborg) beyond human normal capacity, without senses(represented in the creature of Frankenstein) and the last one of the same category, interconnected with genetic engineering, biotechnology and cloning.

Furthermore we have also seen the concept of natural reduction and then the population. Luigi Galvani's theory of "muscle induction" which was utilized in imaginative manner by "Mary Shelley" to generate the monster and also prior to this "electricity impulse" where a freshly severed oxen was taken for experiment and when it was going on its ears and tongue remained shook, while its eyes were plainly open. Some assumptions that a human recreation also has its roots in 'pulmonary resucsiation'.

If we see the same aspect in today's time then we have digitized human, which will probably called as "digitized human" or "robot".

The novel Frankenstein in popular culture has regardance with films, adaptations, drama, fiction and television and how variously with different ideas the same thing is depicted by various means.

Thus in both the perspectives "Frankenstein" can be read from different angles, and by analyzing gradually, it can be reframed, based on different measures and with the time tendency prevailing, at any particular time.

Hawthorne_And_His_Market:

In Hawthorne and his market we see the Hawthorne had written hundred of the short stories and then he turned towards writing romances, one of which is "Scarlett Letter".

He at first found difficulty in finding publishers for his own book's publication in America, as the publishers were use to sell pirated book at cheap cost and also some influences was from the preceding puritan forbears(his ancestors) who were scorning the profession of writing and considering it as an idle work, and as they were such he had to fought against those hidden and internal fears, which may be proved to be responsible for the writer's own failure of the career.

Contemporary aspect of market

Seeing 'the concept of Hawthorne and his market' in contemporary times. Perhaps in present times a writer wouldn't suffer or grapple to find a publisher as he / she / hir may have digitized means like blog, Twitter, Facebook, to showcase their writing skills on public platform or one can share one's point of views, ideas, by accessing in 'writing extension' like 'wikipedia' and many more. But for this one need to be aware of or involved in that particular field, or else it won't happen for everyone. So as Hawthorne was to face the problem of 'finding publisher' can't happen in contemporary times, and there won't be any question of cheap or qualitative selling means / personalized, as financial means are also digitized, people will get reward as per their qualitative or appealment of work, concerning public taste.

Thus in this manner one has to fought for his own as well as his working proficiency survival.

Thankyou

Samiya Kagdi

A learner at PG center

Department of English 

MKBU

APPLIED SOURCES

https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2020/02/introduction-to-cultural-studies.html

Cultural_Studies_In_Practice_Hamlet_To_His_Coy_Mistress

Hello Readers!

Implied Culture Versus Historical Facts.

This blog aims to see how in "To His Coy Mistress" - ANDREW MARVELL. The implied culture is shown, where the two speaker as well as the implied reader are only engaged in their wealth, leisurely talking and sexual activity, while the prevailing status of the then era isn't shown in term of disease, in the form of "Syphillis, sexual transmission etc". Which is actually the mind stressed problem of contemporary times also. 

In Hamlet we will see "the two mighty opposites" in the form of Claudius and Hamlet. Who're centralized in center in picture the two inferior being Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are waving in periphery. Where they have to act or react as per their reaching hands not more than that.

So let's see..

Hamlet / Tom Stoppard (Rosencrantz & Guildenstern are dead):

In Hamlet we see 'power relations' which is reflected through two 'mighty opposites' Hamlet & Claudius. Where the inferior beings are called by Claudius from Wittenberg, are given a responsibility to execute 'Hamlet' by being at England, but fortunately it is known to the suspicious mind of Hamlet and he by blithely tricking into, replacing their names by him and ultimately both are executed.

If we consider their identities, they're travelling on periphery, while the two "mighty opposites" are centralized,and as those are centralized, do you think they will get any recognition as an established individual identity? No.

One of the metaphorical speech is also mentioned in this particular section, spoken by Rosencrantz that how they are mere "annexment of the massive wheel, which is located at the summit of the highest mountain". They're insignificant to those and are only pawns and sponge to be directed from them. They don't have their choices to implement upon, but are only followers of the commands, on which they have to get on without applying any sense.

So how these personalities can be interpreted. Though they're educated, may be knowing every pros and cons of life. Won't be knowing / not having any idea of the intentions of Claudius behind calling them from Wittenburg? They must have atleast some, right? But it isn't shown and are described as dumb among the two mighty opposites.

Hence Tom Stoppard says that who don't feel anything, can't differentiate between right or wrong, only do what is commanded by bowing on head, how their conscience is? Is it being dead as it can't hear anything / contemplate anything? And likewise he concludes his part by saying some of the below mentioned lines.

As he says: in his play, that these two are almost dead, and dead are likewise killed. Is there any offence in killing lifeless persons? Who are already dead.

To_His_Coy_Mistress

While on the other hand in 'To his coy mistress' we see both are representing 'elitist culture's where only three things are happening; chit-chat, love-making, eating and taking sensual pleasure throughout the novel.

If seen in contrast it seems as anyones's life can't be static, it fluctuates as the circumstances of life changes, sometimes there is joy sometimes sorrow, sometimes light sometimes dark as "Shakespeare says that life is constituted of two contrasting binaries, and both exists, either in absence or presence".

Jewels, education, ancestors, everything which is lavish is discussed but not about "everyday's disease, plague and syphilis". Whose threat is knocking on everyone's door, but the two speaker and the listener both are aloof from the real world and have engaged themselves in their dreams world. Seems as a life seen in imagination.

There is much to discuss but keeping this much to this, we understand here how Hamlet and To his coy mistress are seen parallely connecting with history and how it is evaluated and analyzed by succeeding generations point of views.

Thankyou

Samiya Kagdi

A learner at PG center

Department of English 

MKBU

APPLIED SOURCES:

Cultural Studies - CS IN PRACTICE : HAMLET AND TO HIS COY MISTRESS. 

Ecocriticism_&_Ecofeminism

Ecocriticism&Ecofeminism



Introduction: Ecocentricism &Ecofeminism are the two terms which are related with nature but one has connection with specificity, while another has connection with interdisciplinary approach. One can be related with different societal, psychological, behavioural aspects, another also but by centralizing woman at center, in former approach literature is given prime importance which isn't in latter one and from that approach systematically one can deconstruct as well as structuralize woman's identity and draw her character to the extent of generalizations, that how "woman is to male, as nature is to culture".

Ecocriticism

Cheryll Glotfelty's working definition in The Ecocriticism Reader is that "ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment", and one of the implicit goals of the approach is to recoup professional dignity for what Glotfelty calls the "undervalued genre of nature writing". 

Lawrence Buell defines "'ecocriticism' ... as [a] study of the relationship between literature and the environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis".

To elaborate aforementioned aspect of "ecocriticism" as it is underlined "relationship between the literature and physical environment":

Both the aspects of this particular term have their nature, those are naturalized with interdisciplinary approach. Which comprises all integral essence of a literary work, where social, physical, psychological, astronomy, linguistics etc can be included and 'science' can be perceived, working as an 'embryo'. How these aspects are naturalized with the character as well as the environment, behavioural patterns, way of living life, customs of the social system etc, reflecting to a particular culture.

It can be related with "Roland Barthes close textual reading, structuralism, deconstruction and post-structuralism and anthropology. The reader has full-fledged freedom to pursue, how he/she/hir wants to and in what manner, what tendency.

Roland Barthes "close textual reading" may relate either to interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary approach, which is in an either way interdependant on each other.

Or it can be accordingly structuralize with reference to other movies, literary texts and day to day life issues reflecting in newspapers.

It can be deconstructed that how woman is at present time, how she was in past as well as going to be in future, as awareness is spreading in favour of woman with leaps and bounds.

Thus we knew here how a nature can be related with various aspects, it is inter as well as multi disciplinary approach, where with interdependancy one can analyze, critique on anything taken in his/her hand.



Ecofeminism: with refernece to Claude Levi Strauss's: Elementary Structures of Kinship(1969):

Eco = nature + feminism = who is banished from high social status, politics, economic like realms of the world, where only the men are given 'the prime priviledge'.

When we see this aspect by centralizing woman in center, we are to see how a woman is framed particularly in respect of society, psychology and phisiological.

IF we discuss this idea is brief then "physiologically women is seen as delicate", has natural functionality, to give birth to a child, taking care of him/her along with her husband and if she is in joint family then also of husband's family. They have to hover in and around of this atmosphere as the job is very intricate and engaged, and are victim of gender specification of social structure, they won't get free space even to think of themselves or of their existence. While in men's respects it differ.

When we see her in "social aspect". She would be seen mere as 'societal creature's as constructed by the society, concerning her role, status, manner in working with societal peoples. When occasionally gets chance of getting get togetherness she will be an individual, she will try 'for time being' to wipe out her identity, and to intermingle with societal people and exchanging and framing ideas. While the daughter of this specific gender will be of this particular identity and as she has seen her mother as her role model of social creature, though she is given particular atmosphere to shape herself but ultimately she will turn to that specific specificity and so it doubles, triples as generation after generation passes on.

Concerning their "psycology/psychic tendency". We discussed earlier how women are socialized, but it isn't that those can be seen only as such. This can be seen in an area where people are still uneducated or not having that type of air(if we see in this context, tribal people also don't have privilege of getting education, but still in some sects they were having matriarchal society) or can say some who have got societal atmosphere and specifically their minds are trained, there we can see how irrational and emotional women are.

On contradictory, we may have an example of rational and practical women(an example of one of the Dashwood sisters: Elinore in Sense&Sensibility) and of many of the states in India, while at some corner, some are underprivileged(an example of Marriane-Sense&Sensibility-Jane Austen).

If refering to some literary works, we can see, old women have become subjective, can't find even any reason, whether due to inability of acting or stamina,or of hopelessness or frustrated of many gathered experiences, where they have only seen failure and hopelessness.

 Some become concrete so they just engage themselves only in such works, which are produced in front of them, and without any sense they will adapt meaninglessly.

Some of the novels of Afro-American women novelists, except the rightly downwards indicated work on autobiography by Harriet Jacob.
 

If we see the core idea of how African women are made mere a slave, where they have to just behave as unexpected girl child, who is ignorant of society, culture  or of any highly designated place(for which one can't even imagine)and not given any space to shape, nurture, or to think anything for themselves, and in extremity they have to surrender to the particular predicting societal situation and at last they are squeezed to death. But some as narrated in these works, are able to come out of societal structure and shape their lives for the betterment of the society and of themselves.

 If we see this, concerning cooking as nature to women, that's it that they're not given reward what they are doing for, everything is done selflessly. While for the same thing men are given wages, when working as a chef in(France and China).

If we see the similar thing in the similar context in contemporary times, today we have many fractions of women; some are still submissive, some seems to be rationale, some are privileged to be subordinate but somehow are able to come out of it and some just influenced with their past experiences that unable to come out of it and as those are engage at extent, that they won't be able to see the exact prevailing tendency of society.

Ecofeminism in Contemporary times:

The feelings, emotions, desires and spirit of women, which were earlier repressed under customs, religious beliefs and social construction, is suddenly now surfacing. What woman was "by product" earlier, she was spiritful, emotional, in her personal benefits rational, but discrete, craving for any kind of power, manipulative, social. All these aspects were lying collectively, somewhere in her mind, with the advent of women favouring laws, those dormant feelings and emotions, started surfacing and as a result we have mixture kind of women. Some have become dominant, some are still there, where they were placed under social canons, some have balanced views, some have inferior views towards men, some staunchly follows "feminism" and always keeps on crying in the name of their considered inferior status.

Conclusively we saw here how women varied; sociologically, psycologically and physiologically, though both men and women both have their abilities and in inabilities, it is up to them and their choices, what they want to be. If one wants to naturalize the concept of feminism in them will remain forever crying for themselves and won't be able to come out of it, who will see outside the window, would perhaps be able to come out of it, but those who influence their position to manipulate society, will turn out to be nowhere in the world, here also the karmical theory works.

Thankyou
Samiya Kagdi
A learner at PG center
First year(semester-1)
Department of English
MKBU

Applied Sources:

https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2016/12/ecofeminism-in-mass-media-imagery.html.