Assignment Topic: The Modernist Literature(9)-The Wasteland: Archetypal Reading

Name: Samiya Kagdi 

Masters In: English Linguilang

Sem:3(Part-2)

Institution Name/Submitting To: S. B. Gardi, Department of English, MKBU.

Role No: 22

GmailId:samiyakagdi313@gmail.com 

Introduction  of the topic

The modern epic poem was published in December, 1922 by T. S. Eliot. It is an esoteric poem, which is highly based on myth representations and fragmentations, presented through symbolism, though seems to be tiniest thing, but has a greater significance(As Salman Rushdie said in Imaginary Homelands. Basically archetypal denotes, the suppressed and forgotten contents in psyche. Which seeks outlet in such symbolism and imagism by gathering all unconscious and forgotten things at one place and transforming it into one idea. Which becomes a representation of a specific idea/phenomenon/event and has a functional significance.

What is Archetypal concept

A more or less superficial layer of unconscious is undoubtedly personal. I call it the personal unconscious rests upon a deeper layer, which doesn't derive from personal experience and isn't a personal acquisition but in-born. This deeper layer I call the collective unconscious. I have chosen the term 'collective' because this part of the unconscious isn't individual but universal in contrast to the personal psyche. It has contents and modes of behaviour that are more or less the same everywhere and in all individuals, it is in other words identical in all men and thus constitutes a common psychic substrate of a supra personal nature which is present in everyone of us.

Psychic existence can only be recognized only by the presence of contents that are capable of consciousness. We can therefore speak of an unconscious only in so far as we are able to demonstrate its contents.

Here in this poem, someone named 'I' is suggesting Lil to become smart as his husband is about to come as he is demobbed from the army, who was paying his duty since four years. As once the money was given to LIL to get her some teeth but the self work isn't being done and so when her husband 'Albert' will ask about the money given to her to get some teeth, where it is? How would Lil answer the thing as the emphasization on 'teeth' is given it seems as perhaps Lil's teeth are distorted and so he urged her to get a new set. 

It seems as the idea situated before modern era as the suggestion says: That as Albert was since 4 years in Army and now came back, he expects good time from his wife but if it isn't given there are others(seems to be modern idea) and she can get on with.

The whole para. seems to be based on a person's experience of domestic life, who is narrating the whole scene through his lens or can say he himself or herself had experienced  the same thing in their respective lives.

If basing this idea on Eliot's framework of this poem, then it seems the person is morally rightful, where what unconsciously at superficial level is felt, is being ingrained and got the universality of this particular idea. Otherwise it also gives the idea of concealment of the sin, which his wife had done till now, but wants to camouflage to further the married life.

Thus morally it is right also and wrong also and also indicates; Unbehagam kind of morality "where on Freud's opinion one should balance between individual and collective consciousness, which should constantly take into account man's primitive instincts. It seems to be slightly differentiated from what the archetypal concept of 'collective unconscious' says. As it is emphasizing on man's basic instincts also.

The para. again says how she has conceived five children and those were aborted and was consoled by chemist that everything will get proper. But someone again asked: "I" why you get married, if you don't want children. It again seems to be an idea against modern times but perhaps through Eliots perspective it is reasonably good and also morally can be justified.

The summer night scene is described where there isn't found testimony of anything, so that one can find the trace but there is no address of such things and so Tiresias is worried about the current sexual perversive situation and as he is suppressed what he can speak or say about and so he says 'Sweet Thames run softly till I end my song', 'Sweet Thames run softly for I speak not loud and long'.

This seems to be an idea, based on action and reaction and as it isn't happening, how there will be any increasement but gradually it will vanish, and we won't be able to find its whereabouts and as 'sexual perversion' is an instrumental element here that suppresses the actual human emotions and the truthful voice.

A domestic life of the typist and the clerk seen through the lens of Tiresias, who claims himself to have 'foresuffered enacted on this same divan and bed'. In this scence sexual activity, though between husband and wife seems to be mere a mechanism, without any love and satisfaction.

The important task of literature is to free man, not to censor him, and that is why Puritanism was the most destructive and evil force which ever oppressed people and their literature: it created hypocrisy, perversion, fears, sterility.

(The Diary of Anais Nin published in 1914)

As this quote speak for puritanism, where hypocrisy, perversion, sterility and fear were practised. Rather than making men free, they were censored and if it is related here then before modernism, victorianism was known for rigidity, religion, stubbornity and living with pessimism, it was in aftermath with the advent of Shaw that people rejected such dogmatisms and question every form of art, irrespective of any particular field and so the enlightenment came in the form of the cleansing the sins through spiritual sterility. As it is rightly prescribed in this poem; under the fire sermon section that one should struggle through the fire, for purgation otherwise the sins won't get cleansed.

Under death by water, Jean Verdenal, his friend's name is mentioned as Phlebas, who is dead by water and it is claimed that this part of the poem it deeply affected by this incident happened in 1915 in war, where his friend was killed.

Gentile and Jew are being addressed as responsible for turning the wheel and looking to the windward and they are challenged by Phlebas who was once tall and handsome.

As the rock, the place without water, sweat is dry such phrases are denoting "death in life" and water, death by water, solitude, denote "life in death" along with crucification of Jesus Christ(as a hanged man). These two ideas subsequently which denote sexual perversion and spiritual sterility takes the phrases introduced by Cleanth Brooks.

The summer is known for providing warmth through the sunlight. In this above paragraph, three seasons are mingled, while the both seasons; summer and rainy are followed by winter season(that is dead). At first through romance, she is led astray through indulging herself in perversion of sexual promiscuity but as it didn't serve any purpose, and being futile, the attempts are dead. Rather it would have been good, if they had got married and with one another's love, atleast have served the purpose of marriage in form of sexual reproduction but here it is exessiveness.

The first part of the wasteland: The Burial of the Dead, where the April month is described as "cruellest month" breeding lilacs out of the dead land, where land is associated with memory and lilacs with desire. But as the land is already dead, how it will have any desire to grow something out of the land. When already many things as unusual is happening in and around, how stirring of spring rain, will stir the dull roots of the land, which is already dead. In another part from 'fifth line' winter is described as keeping warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow. Here in this above paragraph 'dried tubers' phrase is taken, to suggest 'sexual reproduction' in context of this poem. While in general it suggest, a mere large structure, which serves as an organ to provide nutrients to other plants(perennation) especially in winter for survival of the plants.

Consequently it is followed by the fire sermon and what the thunder said, where respectively it is suggesting purgation and then peace, by imbibing three ways for living life; Datta, dayadhvam and damyatta.

Intertwined Ideas with archetypal reading

As archetypal reading by Karl Jung says that somewhere a superficial layer of unconscious, that is personal, therefore a deeper layer and which is innate, not based on personal experience and personal acquisition but something which serves universality not regarding personal psyche. Though the poem is based on 'the golden bough' comparative religion concept by James Frazer(a Scottish thinker) but it seems that Eliot, in his days, would have visualize such happenings of his time as well as of other times as an outsider, where you see it through the lens of wholeness.

For Example: Tiresias in The wasteland, who is claimed for being providing with the substance of poem, and alluded as he himself is Eliot. Who sees the whole scene of the typist and the clerk and confesses that he had foresuffered such things, so he knew. How it can be seen through the outsider..Where he is evaluating the actions, responses and mechanisms out of the sight and that is actually giving reader an insight of the weird happenings, and its actions taken as a follow up. 

It seems as it is aptly described by the writer, and may be as this poem has some connection with poet's personal life, where his own wife(Vivienne Haigh Wood) was involved with Russel and though envious and tormented, due to impotency can't say anything but have to look by being a mute spectator.

Thus this is reflected in the poem, where one can get an idea that not only prostitutes have such roles to play, but sometimes someone though being reputed, indulge themselves by camouflaging. Here atleast prostitutes are defined in explicit manner but how such characters can be defined and read in such context as it seems that his wife was more indulged in indecent activities.

Thus in this manner the archetypal image is generated in collective unconscious and surfaces when appropriating events, situations, circumstances arises. This happens through reading as well as personal experience also, while remains superficial not in-depth and take the form of deep layer, which is progressing underneath somewhere, and from day to day experiences it comes out, recontextulizing something, prevailing in present.

Conclusion

Hence something which is confronted in early days, keeps on surfacing superficially in real adventures of life and when it comes to shape that thought, it will take that very thing as a base for creating something. It is based on impressions, which you have imbibed, in an entire discourse of life, but the tendency of maturity differs. While it also happens that which thoughts are in an immature state, will gradually transform into mature understanding.

WORKS CITED 

Eliot, S. Thomas. "The Modernist Novel: The Wasteland." 1922.

{Adopted references from the                      poem

The Burial of the dead

The game of chess

The fire sermon

Death by water

What the thunder said}

Freud, Sigmund. "Ubehegam".

Neitsche, Freidrich. "Ubermensch".

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: ELT-1(12)ESL(Socio-Interactionist Theory)

INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, when there wasn't any concept of speech invented, where animals used to communicate through their innate gift, of different sounds and from this usual articulation other animals were able to understand the message transmitted by that animal. But in human respects, speech is the distinctive feature in him, which differentiates him from it as it was said that animal's this speech organ would have been developed but it somehow restricted and remained in underdeveloped state of embryo.

With humans also, as these are social animals, interactive part of life can't be set aside but must be taken into consideration as It is also connected with biological aspect. Where any physical damage in your brain as the speech organ is associated with hypothalamus area of brain, will lead to the errors in learning the second language. Some may found inability in understanding but capable of forming small sentences, while others may found ability in understanding, but unable to communicate. While at children stage, who have acquired language with errors, may found at later stage a new path for a new language but have lost the originality.

Hence in this way interaction is a most complicated communication pattern in comparison to other species.

A Brief History of ELT in India

With the withdrawal of Britishers from India, the question of English language status and role, was aroused and with that another notion as manipulation of language, as English langauge was considered more beneficial because it is serving the purpose economically and commercially to the privilege or elite classes came into being. Which considered regional languages as backward, while the English langauge was modernised and therefore internationalized. Which later on mythologized as 'window to the world' and so providing light and reason, while regional languages 'walls' and therefore yielding darkness. 

From this, many initiatives were taken by the initiators, for which socio-cultural aspects, EST(English for Science and Technology), ELT a plead towards practical approach etc were considered. 

Since then until now, at some measure, it is being developed through the writers in India, inscribing their experience in English. Later on from time to time with incentives of a few national education policies, India is on the successful path, to make improvement in this area. As just in July 2020, a national education policy was approved by the Union Cabinet of India, replacing 1986 Education policy. Which has framed an inclusive framework for education system from pre-primary to secondary as well as elementary to the higher studies. Which aims at bridging the social gaps to make all students's accession, participation and learning possible, irrespective of their backgrounds and births. But implementation lacks and legislation is privileged. Thus to work on equally collaborative manner with amalgamation of state, national and Governmental education ministry is more emphasized.

Definition of Socio-Interactionist Theory

Interaction takes place out of the desire to communicate and with desire, one easily adapt to any language. But it differs in matter of with whom you communicate. As one has to also consider cultural and social differences between one another, if it similarises then conversation goes on in smooth manner and If not then one has to look and learn the ways through which interaction can be smoothly adapted.

It can be taken inside the classroom, outside the classroom, as well as in one's own home environment or where people find chance for communicate. Only context as a barrier works in the communication. To overcome the barriers in communication one must work some adopted ways for resolution.

Exemplification of the Theory

Socio-interactionist theory can be seen in many ways; the clt(task based learning)which is prescribed in syllabus, through which one is required to either talk, adopting the form of language, or naturally(acquisition is very low as not mingling of input in the form of language so classroom dialect can be seen as an outcome of communication-Skehan{1996}) or with circumstances and environmental forces(where all the problems are open in front of the person and through conversation he is suppose to solve the problems, while automatically through the development of meaning at maximum level, the langauge is further developed). 

As it is rightly quoted that: "Social interactionism emphasizes the dynamic nature of the interplay between teachers, learners and tasks, and provides a view of learning as arising from interactions with others".

On the other hand one can also adopt the method of scaffolding, to interact with peers and experienced people(Hyland, 2007, p.122).

Vygotsky's most widely concept of the zone of proximal development: Where a learner is capable enough to achive the layer of skill or knowledge, which is beyond his/her imagination by working with an experienced or an adult worker/learner(Williams & Burners, 2007).

I would like to mention here productive theory by Burt and Dulay, where they are writing about L2 grammar learning in sequence and if it can be made possible with the learners from Spanish and Chinese. The acquisition of morphemes similarises with these two learners but it was hypothesized that: L2 acquisition equals L1 acquisition. As it doesn't affect in frequency, but by the nature of acquisition of first language because it is predetermined. Therefore the error committed in acquiring first language, would reflect on, in acquiring second language and so there may be some goofs. But it was rejected later on.

While in process oriented research by Long, the process of learning is centralized. Group focus communication is emphasised, where one is suppose to have more relevant information, in comparison to other members of the group. If by mistake the message is misunderstood then one has to take modification/mediation approach, so that the sentence can be altered and made feasible to the listener. The fault is found on the part of listeners, as the listener lacks the ability to listen. While a well experienced can change the entire game by supporting the conversation as here modification approach implies and as quoted by (Williams & Burner, 2007) that 'the role of the one with greater knowledge(a teacher, a parent or a peer) is to find ways of helping the other to learn.

 Practical Examples 

An Absurdist play-Birthday Party: Where the conversation is ongoing between Petey and Meg Where Petey's wife is asking, what he reads and he reciprocates as "someone just had a baby". And again she asks "who"? If one hasn't read the above part of this play, one would misunderstood and found it out of context as it was already known to Meg, that her husband is reading news, she asked and so it doesn't go out of the context. But later on to ask "who" seems to be silly. As ordinary person won't be given space in newspaper than a person in position. As it is based on absurdism, one can understood the message basing on in particular context.  But if it isn't then one has to support the communication, considering scaffolding aspect by Hydan.

Just taken an example from Argentina, where assessment was done, considering the study of an entire text, where the students were able to get the characteristics, devised different models and genres basing on different contexts, exchanged ideas with one another and written down. Where it had an ample of ideas.

In this way interaction can be generated with the help of genre. Through your writing you're already interacting with the given text but all along you're also provided chance of interacting physically, and that seems to be the boosting stimulation to your knowledge, though it is from first language acquisition area.

Conclusion

Thus socio-interactionist theory can't be based on only one aspect of learning theory, but it has many variants in it. Some main some subtypes of and some recurring from the situations and circumstances as it is said that "communication is a complicated aspect of humans". And if acquired properly and efficiently then one will have the win win situation.

In present context if we see, though we're facing lockdown and the schools, departments are shut down of higher studies. The education is blended into online learning and teaching system, where though one isn't able to see another on screen at a time and if able to see, that visibility on screen doesn't have that impact as the physical presence has but one has to manage and thus the interaction is happening through 'digital board work', 'chat', 'virtual talking', 'messaging' etc. Which is in restrictive manner, still one can explain the whole matter on phone, if any error occurs digitally but to explain digitally is time seeking and time consuming and for which one has to facilitate such methods to make transperancy between the transmitter and the receiver.

Works Cited

Cotterall, S., & Cohen, R. (2003). Scaffolding for second language writers: Producing an academic essay. ELT Journal, 57(2), 158-166. 

introduction volume 1 (pp. 230-257). London: Sage Publications.

Hyland, K. (2003a). Second language writing. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hyland, K. (2003b). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of  Second Language Writing 12, 17-29.

Hyland, K. (2007). Genre and second language writing. USA: The University of Michigan Press.

Krashen (1982) Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition.

Kapoor, Kapil. "ELT: The role of English in India."

Martin, J.R. (1989). Factual writing: Exploring and challenging social reality. Oxford:  Oxford University Press.

Martin, J.R., & Rose, D. (2007). Working with discourse. Meaning beyond the clause. London: Continuum.

Martin, J.R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.

Prabhu, N. 1983. Procedural syllabuses. Paper presented at the RELC Seminar, Singapore.

I)rabhu, N. 1983. Procedural syllabuses. Paper presented at the RELC Seminar,

Singapore.

I)rabhu, N. 1983. Procedural syllabuses. Paper presented at the RELC Seminar,

Singapore.

I)rabhu, N. 1983. Procedural syllabuses. Paper presented at the RELC Seminar,

Sing

Parra, M. (1991). La lingüística textual y su aplicación a la enseñanza del español en el nivel universitario. Planteamientos teóricos. Forma y Función 5 (pp. 47-64). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Lingüística.

Pinter, Harold. "The Absurdist play: The Birthday Party."

L2 written production. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Orientación Lingüística Aplicada. Facultad de Lenguas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Aplicada. Facultad de Lenguas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: THE POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE(11)-Orientalism: Transformation from academic practices to Imperialism

Name: Samiya Kagdi 

Masters In: English Linguilang

Sem:3(Part-2)

Institution Name/Submitting To: S. B. Gardi, Department of English, MKBU.

Role No: 22

GmailId:samiyakagdi313@gmail.com 

Orientalism: Brief Introduction by Edward Said

Orient as being invented the concept by Occidents for Orients. Since antiquity was the land of romance, exotic beings, landscapes, haunting memories and remarkable experiences. While Occident as being other, representing cultural enterprise for Orients(near east, far east and middle east). Where by being a pioneer of the project of representation of Orients, they chose a dimension of imagination to fit Orients into and accordingly highlight them. Which seems to be biased as there living there at the locale and experiencing happenings in other countries, in the form of brutal reality, particularly regarding them isn't displayed and in this aspect, Orientalism prospect isn't given any space and so contribution is limited and therefore restricted.

But the Orientals study both; Orients as well as Occidents, how by being very close, the French, the Britain and the East have come out with different entities. Where Europeans as being comparatively dominative than the two, how those have tried to portray them. While Easterners seems to be dull, static, dormant, engrossed and self-conscious. Where their history is written by others(Europeans) but not by them as it seems they don't believe in preserving inventory of their country and the others believe to do so and if this was done, through a regressive lens It was seen as biased representation of the Orients. Which we're going to discuss further.

Orientalism: Academic Practice

Having been studied the Orients and Occidents; Orients as being invented by Occidents as regressive, dull, static and self-engrossed while the occidents represented this invention through their stereotypical lens. Seeing and studying all these aspects, the Orientals had given a new lens to see them, considering here "Said" a writer of Orientalism that It was Europeans, who were defined by Orients as those were the career, who brought consciousness of learning, studying and gave them opportunity to criticise them.  While not becoming literally career but giving opportunity to young westerners for 'all consuming passion'. This is the way through which they are representing their enterprise and also their economic ambitions are fulfilled. It is an altogether an another matter, where the particular field is more expanded and elaborated, situating it in post-coloniality. Where either Orient or Occident aren't mere creation  but man-made, that is the history, through which man can know what they have made of themselves and further extend it to their geography and cultural entities. Where it was seen in 'Orientalism after Orientalism' an article by Ali Behdad in context of the entitled title 'after' where the collection of Said's Orientalism, is considered as genealogical dependency, through which the concerned writer, may depart or by converge, will move away. Considering the contemporary time and space it would be elaborate likewise. As when the colonial time was ongoing, it was seen through colonialism and colonized lens, while in postcoloniality it will be seen through different lens, considering its heterogeniety, irregularities, discontinuity ambivalence and binaries, which doesn't mean that continuity, repetition and regularity will be subverted. And in this way the concept of Orientalism is being located now in post-structuralism, where the very potilical identity is subverted and it is seen through Ontological and Epitomological philosophy. Where though at times seems to be postponed but given the space for resumption.

Orientalism: Transformation to Imperialism

As the term, catagorizes a productive force, comprises many discourses and disciplines, it isn't restrictive in nature but limitless.  But one needs to pursue  this, situating it in given format of study and limitation. Otherwise it will have its reflected repercussions.

In this manner, though by being mere a method, but comprises many discourses and disciplines in it, it seems to be a productive force of colonial history and it can also similarly be seen as one sees Orient and Occident's history, by situating it as an entity. 

Therefore considerning here Michel Foucault's power & discourse, it is in positive manner transforming into imperial practices, where the imperialism is also located into periphery and by locating into periphery, the very thing is seen.

Critical Analysis of method and its result

The method seems to be based on binaries, where the two; Orients as well as Occidents are presented as opposite to one another, in respect to their cultural entities and also as not confronted the study of Orients of the Occidents. But the study of Occidents for Orients seems to be based on differences and comparative and therefore limited to subjection rather than objection and likewise it is seen through Said but somewhere some interpretations from Said, also gives altogether a different look towards this term and so perhaps, it is seen in colonial as well as postcolonial time, which directs to prominence towards time and space and so contemporaenity for evaluating Orientalism like term. 

As Homi K. Bhabha has pointed out, "Said's work focused the need to quicken the half-light of western history with the disgusting memory of its colonial texts that bear witness to the trauma that accompanies the triumphal art of Empire." It was the time, where it was defined in this way.

Considering this, its result would be definitely 'positive' as the term isn't becoming static but moving with flux from time to time.

Conclusion 

Hence Orientalism first seems to be a regressive term as the nature of perspective is concerned, but as it is given different shapes, considering time and space, it seems as it will keep on fluctuating rather than remaining static at a particular time and space.

Works Cited 

Behdad, Ali. “Orientalism after ‘Orientalism.’” L'Esprit Créateur, vol. 34, no. 2, 1994, pp. 3–11. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26287493. Accessed 13 Dec. 2020.

{Adopted Reference from the article: Orientalism in 'after' and postcoloniality}

Foucault, Michel. "Cultural Studies: Power & Discourse."

Said, Edward. "Orientalism: Introduction."

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: THE AMERICAN LITERATURE(10) Mourning Becomes Electra: A psychopathology reading of Lavinia's character

Name: Samiya Kagdi 

Masters In: English Linguilang

Sem:3(Part-2)

Institution Name/Submitting To: S. B. Gardi, Department of English, MKBU.

Role No: 22

GmailId:samiyakagdi313@gmail.com 

Background of the novel

Mourning Becomes Electra as based on the Orestia, a cycle of three Greek Tragic play,  written by Aeschylus, based on modern concept. Where Ezra Mannon becomes Agamemnon, Christine(Clytemnestra), Orin( Orestes), Adam Brant (Aegisthus)

) and Lavinia(Electra). This tragic play also unfolds the same story of Clytemnestra as being involved with Aegisthus, and wife of Agamemnon, who later on treacherously kills her husband to marry her lover. But unfortunately the entire conspiracy behind murder is revealed and the revenge is taken by killing Aegisthus through reunion of Orestes and Electra. 

A Brief Introduction to the Novel 

The novel, 'Mourning Becomes Electra' by Eugene O' Neille picturizes many of the characters as mentioned above. But in this novel, though repeating the same ancient story but if one is to see through the femininity and sexual desire lens, it seems as in this novel the mentioned inclinations are repressed on the female part, besides this Oedipus complex is given more importance. While the story is same in nature as Orestia Greek Tragedy published in 5BC by Aeschylus.

Definition of Psychopathology 

In  a more general sense, psychopathology is characterized with any experience or behavior, which causes impairment, distress or disability, particularly If it is thought to arise from a functional breakdown in either the cognitive or neurocognitive systems in the brain. It has a probability as classified with psychopathology.

E.G: WHEN SOMEONE IS DISTRESSED WITH HIS/HER BELONGING ONE'S DEATH, HE IN FRUSTRATION AND DESPAIR TRY TO FINISH HIS/HER LIFE. BUT SOMEWHERE IT HAPPENS THAT WHEN ONE TRY TO INSCRIBE SUCH EXPERIENCE ON PEN AND PAPER, THE PERSON WILL HAVE SOMEWHAT LIGHT AS HE HAS SHARED SOMETHING, WHICH WAS TORMENTING HIM/HER.

{Virginia Woolf: As not able to cope up with life, had tried to do away with her life after his marriage with Leonard and also is being criticized of indulged in 'homosexual relationship with  Vita Sackville. But when she mediated her life through writing, she got his way out from tormentation, while it is altogether a different matter that she drowned to death}.

{T.S. ELIOT: Who was badly distressed of Verdenal's death and in his memory he had written an elegy, which was attributed to his friend. An entire fourth section of the wasteland is dedicated to him, named "Death by Water"}.

On the contrary if one is to see then those who are unable to copeup with their lives, has to succumb to life badly as being considered life as a puppet, that where it will lead one has to go and ultimately has to end where the life stop, its lead. Similarly we will see the character of Lavinia.

How Psychopathological aspect is connected in novel

The entire novel is based on 'psychoanalytic feature' through which one can study the characters. Where 'psychopathology' as an element is given more prominence. Though it is regarded with Freud's Psychopathology of everyday life, It has other aspects to be  considered. Through one of the references, named "masking becomes Electra: O'Neill's, Freud and the Feminine by S. Georgia Nugent. Where it is saying, mainly focusing on Electra's character that Frued is trying not to Illumine the character of Lavinia but rather trying to place her in dark. Where it is camouflaged with Oedipus complex(not only the character of Lavinia but others too). Where Lavinia, during ongoing discussion on marriage proposal by Peter, she retorts as..

"MY FATHER NEEDS ME MORE."

As we saw already in the novel, that Christine blames Lavinia she would have come out, out of disgust in the world. Why she doesn't love her, but hate her. And as we have seen Rousseau's notion: Trauma in childhood could have negative implications later in adulthood. The idea influenced Austrian psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud in Nineteenth Century.

Which we explicitly see in the novel. As Lavinia was remained aloof from her mother's love, she is attracted towards her father. Though this kind of notion is idealized as 'Oedipus Complex' by Freud but somewhere It seems as some internal factors are working behind  a person, which is shaping her to  become as such. Not intended but the circumstances, the internal factors, lack of mutual understanding between parents had somewhere affected their psychology badly, and those are unable to express due to the age factor and in embryonic stage and so it repressed and later founding some solid foundation to contemplate their repressed feelings and desires. Which is so engrossly nurtured throughout the specific period of time, that it has now become a substance, which will now maturely see, from where and how to play with the substance with some fluid combination. This is what happens in Lavinia's case. She is just observing the things till now. But when she came to know by the servant that 'Adam Brant is the son of Marie Brantome' who is the son of David Mannon, her father's brother. Who had eloped with her and since then for all the family members, David Mannon is considered to be dead and so noone talks or discuss him. When the involvement of Christine with Adam Brant is revealed in front of her eyes and also confession of Adam Brant that 'her father himself is responsible for his mother's death' as when she was sick and starving to death, she had asked help from Ezra Mannon but she wasn't given and so considers all mannon alike according to this treatment.

She seems to be possessive for her father and also some hideous desires are going on, as wants to take position of his father in family.

As in one of the scenes, we have seen when she is about to reveal the truth of 'she saw Christine Mannon upstairs, saying "I love you to Adam Brant and kissing him". She sees her father's portray, staring at him fixedly and then goes from there, and placing her hand over one of his father's hands, lovingly, protectingly. 

This is these surrounding factors working behind, which had impelled her to do so, If we consider psychopathology. That what you have repressed until now, is now trying to attract forcing you to think keeping fore your past and it has now developed into insidious emotions, though this seems to be collective unconscious but now it has become fluid and natural outletting in everyday life.

Character Study of the Novel

Thus the character here Electra/Lavinia seems to be the result of the systematic repression, which is finding outlet now, in the form of love towards her father. Which seems to be natural, if we see casually but in deep it has some hideous implications of over obsession towards the father. Which denotes  her intentions of mere protecting and possessing a child-like love for father but her refusal of marriage to Peter saying: "Her father needs her more" seems to over obsession. Which in normal society, can't be taken normally but abnormally. As ideally the thing must be spoken by his wife rather than the daughter. But as it is based on the concept of 'modern psychology' the idea isn't much objected and criticised but adjusted into the prospect.

PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS PROCESS

It seems when we read the character of Lavinia that how she is, that she doesn't think about her life, and wants to abandon her life for the father. But when seeing her caressing his father's hand in portrayal, it seems as she isn't caressing his hand out of love and protection but something underneath is going on. May be she wants to take place of her father, the notion of power of patriarchy is bruising inside, and who knows, if it lies unconsciously in her mind. Though the other aspects of the novel, won't let us to interpret in such a way but it seems to be hidden though in fragmentary form. 

She sometimes seems to be moralistic as she tramps on feet, when Adam is trying to seduce her for making love. But somewhere it can be interpreted as she lacks trust for outside males and only considers male in home and so she rejects Peter and also later on denies Adam Branton but makes love with Islanders, which seems to be the modernised idea. While on the other side it can be also interpreted that O'Neill has just produced this idea, in periphery. It isn't given more importance but the destined fate of the family, which is forced so that it will recur throughout the generations, though it is based on outside supernatural factors. In this novel Karmic Philosophy is refered indirectly.

Conclusion

Thus in this novel we got to learn that Jean Jacques Rousseau's notion of 'trauma of childhood could have later negative implications in adulthood' has influenced Freud in rightful manner, and these impacts we can explicitly observe in Lavinia's character.

Works Cited

• Eliot, S. Thomas. "The Wasteland: Death by Water." Published in 1922.
• Nugent, S. Georgia. “Masking Becomes Electra: O'Neill, Freud, and the Feminine.” Comparative Drama, vol. 22, no. 1, 1988, pp. 37–55. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41153316. Accessed 12 Dec. 2020.
• O'Neill, G. Eugene. "Mourning Becomes Electra." Published in 1931.
• Woolf, Virginia. "The documentary: Biography of Virginia Woolf."

Harold Pinter:The Birthday Party(Comedy of Menace/Pinteresque)

Harold Pinter was born on 10th October, 1930 and died on 24 December, 2008.

His debut play is 'the room's came out in 1957 along with 'the birthday party'. With which we are concerned here.

His works were classified into three stages; Psychological, lyrical and political.

When in 1939, world war II broke out, which was lasted till 1945(Harold Pinter, 9-14 period of the age). He had put his experience in this play and so it is called 'comedy of menace/pinteresque' and for which he is indebted to Kafka(known for the trial work).

As it is said that one shouldn't see who is the driver of the car, but where the car is drawn and so focusing camera and the car, we saw the gradual detailing and opening road. Then suddenly the camera is focused on the street lamp, from which we see the narrowing down road.

We can read the multiple ways of road as not converging at one place, but by being isolated, going to establish different identities and destinies and so the last consequent image is focused on lamp, it represents hope and also as light is centralized at one place only, may be it is representing USA. If we read this in context of Art, Truth, Politics excerpts from the 2005 Nobel Lecture, then it is US AND UK, who are behind concealing their country's crime, with mediation of the authority the crimes are revealed with some limitation. When it comes to other country's all blame is hurled on them and each and everything is highlighted.

For example: Nicaragua where for forty years, USA supported Nicaragua state policy, which was then under Nomoza Dictatorship but replaced by Sandinistian government.

If we read this in characters in the birthday party, then here Stanley Webber, by being socialist is representing Gautemala and Nicaragua like small countries. While Mc Can Dormet and Goldbery USA AND UK.
Where such politicians coldly take such matters very easy and escape by saying that 'in such situations innocent people are being killed' and when disturbing questions asked by North Nicaragua Parish, they took it as usual.

In this collage, it starts from door. Door and knocking on it, is symbol of intrusion. It is a nostalgia of past.

The scene is the setting of this play, where the hatch separates room from kitchen. Petey is reading newspaper and Meg is asking him, what he is reading? And the conversation from Casual to absurd transforms. Where at last she asks that what he is telling of girl, she isn't concern about but a boy.

At last the scene ends at her going upstairs to wake up Webber Stanley and some noise is coming from upstairs, that is followed by Petey's expression as knowing everything but can't do anything.

As reading newspaper and knowing all the happenings of the world, but can't do anything as he can't do anything, at the cost of damaging himself.

While here mirror is also a symbolic representation of narsicism, showing object as it is and also reflecting the threshold between conscious and unconscious mind.

If we read Meg's character in this context then she herself assume Petey impotent of not giving her child, so she feels incomplete and the thing which is in her unconscious mind, keeps on surfacing indirectly in unpleasant manner. Where may be Petey is realizing and so not opposing Meg's attitude of dealing with Webber Stanley.

How it is that "an inability is an automatic suppression" that represses our voice and we're unable to defend ourselves though the situation seems unwanted or in another way it can be interpreted that perhaps Petey lacks the tendency of confrontation. He fears that if he will react against the lady, she may be retorting in ruthlessness and that would be an unbearable situation for him to handle.

But here a question arises though people don't like to discuss their deficiency, but there may be an another side of the coin, where you can accept the situation as it is and try to improve it. May be it will reward you your wanted benefits. The idea seems to be ideal and more time seeking but if one wants to, one can take this road also.

Stanley Webber's character as a ruffian, who claims himself to be an artist and Lulu his source of inspiration(as when she comes she opens all the doors of the house, which had been closed until now). But at times in his conversation his past gets reflect. From his conversation one can sense that he was once at a good position but perhaps it was snatched by someone or something and so he spits on Meg that: "You don't know who I was". In th birthday party, which is organised by Meg for Stanley, he is given a presence of Toy Drum by Meg(symbolically it is a mouthpiece). Where he beats at first in playful manner, but gradually becomes violent and mad, beating toy drum by hanging toy round the neck. So something is there, which he can't reveal and as a result it is killing him from inside.

When Lulu is coming, she is knocking the door but guessing there may be intruders, suddenly Stanley frightens and is in dilemma of what to do, If he can open the door or not.

It seems that something like this would have happened in his childhood so when anything alike as such is happening, it makes him to recall his past but then realizing the present situation, he is becoming normal.

Considering their straightforward and simple language, oral and non-verbal communication and symbolically characters reading then it seems that characters possess something as nostalgia/unconsciously kept in their mind, which is surfacing on and often in their present situation and the manner of communication is directed by all these factors, happened or happening in life.

Moving further with movie screening, we also see how the toy drum is gifted, which symbolizes a foreshadowing scene that in alike manner Stanley is going to be tormented by MC Can and Nat Goldberg. 

In this sequence of screenshots, the newspaper is torn up by MC Cann, in five equal parts. When it is torn up, it has a careful tearing sound, like the voices which are raised through news updates, won't be heeded. An intentional attempt for suppression or one can interpret as foreshadowy image. As both MC Can Dormet and Goldberg are going to interrogate Stanley.

Where they ask him one after another questions, without giving a person time to think of(torrenting of language) where the logic arguments, turn out in illogicity. Seems as an endeavour for intentional distortion of person's psychology, so in confusion, rather than protesting, he will succumb to the situation.

Where they ask Stanley, where is your wife, you killed your wife, she was waiting for you at porch to marry you. Which seems as inassociate questions and if reading through feminist perspective then the underlying meaning suggests that Stanley is a womanizer as Seargent Troy was in 'Far from the madding crowd'-Thomas Hardy. Where he may have tormented the womankind so badly, so now in the form of investigation, it is reflecting.

If analytically we see then, interrogation seems to be carried to get the truth from Stanley's mouth or some confirmation of the past revealed truth in front of Stanley, where may be though part of the gangster Monty's party, he gradually realised that It isn't ok to be here(As it happens in 1984 novel by Orwell, with one of his characters named 'Winston Smith' where though regardance with outer party, came to know about inner party and joins one of the members of the brotherhood organisation as believing it an organisation with kindred spirit, with his lover named Julia.

As he himself is morally righteous man, who can't be easily succumbed to any unwanted situation, is further tormented by the party to surrender and adore it. Same happens, after facing terrific situation of being alive eaten by running rats, rather than facing situation and coming out victoriously, he succumbs to and starts doing as he is expected to.

While in Stanley's case, Stanley being a rebellious, left that place and accidentally came in boarding house near Seaside London, occupied by Meg and Petey.  Here also he isn't spared as it is said that: "what we fear to confront, will be destined to encounter you soon". Likewise it happens with Stanley. 

In second act, in birthday party scence. The birthday party is being organised by Meg and also a gift is offered to Stanley, where though denied by Stanley, for this isn't his birth date the members like MC Can Dormet and Nat Goldberg are invited along with LULU. In between the ongoing party Nat Goldberg flatters LULU in his speech and got success in maintaining proximity with her.

Further discussing about LULU and MC Can further intimation, let's have a look on Stanley's confrontation. For Stanley Meg is a motherly figure(or as it seems something more to this) and LULU a symbolic character, involved in snatching him from his comfort and warmth(seeing in form of MEG).

Here we may have connection from Harold Pinter's background history. Where he is saying I love my mother but not the father as he is strict disciplinarian(representing a society{traditional one}) and may be this was suffocating for him. While his mother preferred modern way of living where individual preference for living is given prime importance.

We can only make some assumptions that perhaps the life of Stanley is somewhere contemplating Harold Pinter's life. 

In last frame studies of aforementioned collage, if we visualize then camera is one top, which is moving, focusing the room and Stanley's movements in the room. It seems from top a prison cell/cage when someone is trapped. This also is a foreshadowy image as indicating that something unusual is going to happen and it happens.

He is badly investigated by the two strangers and taken away from Meg and Petey's house. Where Petey being helpless and broken can't do anything rather than advising him "don't let them tell you what to do". Indicating don't succumb to the situation, it would be better if one can destroy one's life. If won't be literally destroyed but rather an uncontaminated soul will get released into the new and  free world.

Because surrendering oneself to any unreasonable and unpleasant situation is in itself a death. Which we can literally relate to absurdism, where without hope one has to live, for the sake of living not thriving and If opposed the established way of life, he would be sentenced to death, but in a way this death with suffice, rather than living deadly with tormenting soul.

In some of the scenes we only have seen the knob of the door but in last scence the entire door is opened,  and we can see it along with its frame. The thing is how one can interpret? In an early scene, when the door was knocked there was arrival of LULU: an inspiration for an artist. Who is coming through the narrowing door and opening the inside door with full aspirations. If reading in contradictory manner then the entire outside door is opened, which will narrow down as the artist, who symbolises the very notion of freedom of speech, is going to be curtailed and now there isn't any inspiration.

After taking Stanley away, none knows where he goes, besides Petey also answers Meg as Stanley is upstairs rather than saying the recent actual truth. But yes one can assume as Petey already known of the facts of the worldly matters, he senses something and so advising Stanley to contemplate so but can't say anything openly as his speech is already curtailed,  he can't speak anything, damaging himself.

Last scence of the movie by Freidkin.

As the movie is based on modern idea, an additional scene of the outdoor frames is highlighted. Where only one can see through the side-view of the car, the swirling visual images row houses, streets and then stopping at street lamp. At first the lamp is sharply brightening then it is becoming dull. While actually it has to be start from the boarding room, where the whole movie is situated because none of the elements of the movie, goes out of this room. Where the former scene seems to be vague and irrelevant with car drive.

The two scenes from LULU are omitted in th play, may be because the writer wants to directly apply the idea of marginalization and suppression of woman voice. Otherwise it would have been elaborated in traditional manner. A woman being raped, lodged a complaint and the judicial proceedings further. But it isn't shown. 

If feministic reading is applied and refering to the conversation between Nat Goldberg and LULU, then though Goldberg is seemingly shrewd, cunning and lustrous, it doesn't keep away LULU to be doubted. As if she was already with her boyfriend Adei and was living well-contented then why she chose to be with Goldberg. How the mind is shaped, rather than resisting and deciphering the difference, it is surrendering to superficial and shallow rhetoric? May be it is happening due to obsession like negative emotion. Where you have lost your deciphering sense and as a robot is given sentence, you're directed to and until and unless you're not completing that task, you won't be free from intruding clutches.

In another way it can be interpreted as having taken this matter in usaul manner(one of the modern characeristics)the writer decided to not to talk about as the matter and its happenings are much discussed, why to discuss more, until now people have understood, why such things are happening, what are the causes. Is it that only the man is to blame but not the woman? As rules are in favor of women. Or somethingelse is going on in the background.

Kafkaesque is associated with something, which is unknown to us and we're inevitably thrown into some situation. Where one has to see how to live in such complicating, distorting circumstances, which eventually leading to person's own realization. We have some examples of The Trial, Professor K, Metamorphosis, the hunger artist(where the protagonist serves others with his fake art, but eventually realizes that it was fraud).

Art, Truth anPolitics-Excerpts from Nobel Lecture 2005

When reading truth in citizenship and Art context then in Arts the truth is represented in elusive manner,  It can be necessarily either true or false. And also there won't we findany necessity to ask about the true or false concept.

There may be many interpretations based on experience, contemplation or specific point of view regarding drama. While being a citizen one has to ask what is true because it is a humanright and Harold Pinter remains to be a controversial figure for fighting for human rights.

Similarly it can be seen through Stanley's character, regarding the background history that he may have tried to voice his voice, considering it as a human right, but other capital forces tried to suppress his voice. Don't feeling wanted, he would have ran away from the place. Keeping authority in doubt, if something is revealed to him and as it is seen he is courageous, he will reveal everything and the entire elusive building would crumbled down.

While in politics they any concern with this truth even those won't dare to travel through that territory.  They will only consider their power and try to maintain power. Therefore they remain in this tapestries of lies. Which is actually facilitating their manipulative truth.

Critical Analysis of the play

It can be read through many aspects, feminist, arts, politics and truth, revolution, suexpression etc. We will discuss further at extent.

Conclusion

Thus we saw the film is based on pintereque, where the background history of the writer is aptly depicted in this film. Though many background things aren't clearly shown, but one can by guessing reach to its then happenings with some interconnected ideas.

Works Cited

• "A drama film: The Birthday Party". Directed by William Freidkin, 1968.
• Hardy, Thomas., "Novel: Far From the Madding Crowd", published in 1874.
• Orwell, George., "Modern Novel: 1984".
• Esslin, Martin., "The Absurdist Theatre".
• Deer, Harriet, and Irving Deer. “Pinter's ‘The Birthday Party’: The Film and the Play.” South Atlantic Bulletin, vol. 45, no. 2, 1980, pp. 26–30. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3199140. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020.
• Pinter, Harold. “Art Truth & Politics: Excerpts from the 2005 Nobel Lecture.” World Literature Today, vol. 80, no. 3, 2006, pp. 21–27. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40159078. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020.