Jaques-Derrida-Deconstruction-Analysis-Education-System

Hello Readers 

Anecdote on Deconstruction : Derrida observing building minutely and obsorbing the structure of the building, abruptly shared his observance with Rita.

Derrida: Can you see this well constructed building? How it has been built! With proper elevation, structure, well furnishing from outside and inside, nicely colored and insulated, surrounded by garden and seems to be result of proper 'architectural planning', as the building says so..!

Rita: Are you sure, that what you are seeing, is actually a building? It seems to me something different as giving me an indication of absence of something, which perhaps you're unable to look in..
Derrida: Absence! Oh I got you perhaps you want to say that there must be a bungalow/apartment/duplex here..? But here it is building..
Rita: Not that absence. I am talking with reference to this building's being...!...
Derrida: You mean to say "being of this being(building)"? ..
Rita: yes..
Derrida: I got you!

...And he says that the absence of "sand, concrete, cement, bricks, wood, such materials useful in building a capacious and lavish building" are absent here, which I wasn't able to see, but indicated by you. 

     Thankyou!

Comprehension on "Deconstruction"

     Deconstruction can't be defined as said by "Derrida"(The very picture supports the idea of Deconstruction)But he says incase it can be defined then at what limits and what extent? Furthermore he says: this isn't a negative term but " an inquiry into the very foundations of western philosophy and the intellectual system, which is based on binary oppositions". But by rectifying he says that: he doesn't want to subvert the western philosophy as "Heideggar"(as they consider "being of beings" insignificant) wants, he only wants to transform the thinking of those people.Derrida also tries to persuade "Heideggar" a philosopher, to look into the system of philosophy, concerning "phonocentricism" rather than "writing". He says: "Logocentricism is manifestation of phonocentricism". While he himself in his book on Grammatology, emphasises on "writing rather than on speech".

      As we move further we also see that there isn't audible difference between "to differ & to defer" but in terms of spelling and writing it has difference. It is a new coined termed which Derrida has taken from German to French. While in English it is as "difference". But difference doesn't imply anything rather than "force" and "force" is suggestive of "differentiation" which keeps the word's meaning postponed rather than giving its ultimate meaning, while it has chances of resuming. If we see this in terms of "sign, structure & play"-Derrida:

Structure of garden/park, sign for playing and signifier as children's playing spot/can be signified as a space in hotel/motel, a space in house, a park where anyone can sit, wander and can do what one likes.

       we see that 'word' and 'meaning' is connected with each other. But if we try to get the word's meaning from dictionary it will give an ample of words rather than arriving at its conclusive meaning and likewise it will also keep on recurring with 'signifier' which leads to another 'signifier'(a rose/an ass) though signified but requires for "transcendental significance". Which also has "Opaqueness" rather than "transparency"(as communication has, societal and conventional) so it is in illusion and it has 'aesthetic delight' in it as so it is constituted with "figurative component" as Derrida says referring to "Wordsworthian idea of Romanticism".

     Moving further from this, we also come to know that "Derrida" hasn't shown any method, a specific analysis/critique to do "deconstruction" nor it is awaiting for determination or connotating negativity for destroying the system, but it is concerned with demonstration and the entire process is done abstractly so only the thin air is visible in blurring state, but Derrida says: If one knows this thin line then perhaps one will get an idea, on what Derrida is hinting at.
     Yale school itself is famous for "Deconstruction" as it is developed there along with its developer; Hoggart, Harold Bloom, Paul De Man and one other, who are known as "Hermeneutic mafias" of this school. Where they introduced "three characteristics of this particular school" which we're not going to discuss in detail. Then lastly we also have some schools; cultural studies, feminism, Marxism, historical etc. These schools are also deconstructed accordingly and we have concerning each and every field "a new established renovated field" which is actually perhaps "postponed" as per its meaning(e.g: As today there is constant deconstruction to establish staunch female identity, rather than giving importance to phalus-a male sexual organ).

Thus we came to know here how "Derrida" by seeing every object, thing, medium which was established on traditional terms are deconstructed, and given a new form by "Derrida" so the people who were unable to see the gaps, absence, deficiency on present being can see it clearly and evaluate and critique on those accordingly.

Application of 'Deconstruction theory' on 'Virtual classroom educational system.

“I always dream of a pen that would be a syringe.”

― Jacques Derrida

Indicates future of a 'pen' in the form of 'syringe' as the traditional education system suggested forthcoming educational system(absence of the presence, but in prediction mode).

"An inquiry into the very foundation of education" in terms of ancient, medieval, contemporary and forthcoming time".

 History of education in India.

(Ancient & Medieval)

 Classroom Structure:

        In ancient times, students have to go to their 'Guru's home' to gain education, where they were required to study as well as to do 'household activities' for their gurus. While in 'Medieval classroom structure' they were required to go in 'maktabs'(primary level education), 'madrasahs'(higher level education). Where they were only focused on studies. When seeing both the aspects of 'ancient' as well as 'medieval' educational systems, we came to know that today's classroom, though partly virtual and partly physical but technology has much reformed the level of eduaction, where we see from 3rd B.C. to 1500 B.C. and forward have become merged in present times and given a number of steps forward to education system, as a result we have 'virtual' as well as 'physical' classroom. While of future we can only predict that there may be perhaps 'virtual classroom' which may be running by 'robots'.

A man questioning vivid questions to 'Sophia' a robot and "the intellectual personality" is giving answers in turn for each and every question.

 Medium of Instruction

      Concerning the medium of instruction in education. In ancient times/in times of Vedas, there were two sects; 'Vedas' themselves and 'Buddhists'. Vedas preferring 'Sanskrit' as a medium for instruction, while 'Buddhists' preferred 'Pali language'. In 'medieval times' it was furthered by 'Islam'as they were in power, and so they preferred; Urdu, Arabic, Persian as well as Arithmetic and Science languages. These languages were divided into two sects; concerning secularism and religion. In present time, if we see the same thing we can't find how it has folded its sheets into a technological aspect, where people can get anything required from "internet" rather than relying on "physical books" and as time advances a new field/idea/concept is introduced in education system, sometimes from one field another hidden field is emerging(for example: we have various categories in feminism, if we have imperialism then also we have colonialism not very much, but linear difference in it and etc.).
 In medieval period also students were required to learn by themselves, which wasn't so in ancient times. The parallel thing can be seen in existing time but it is now available online, but to search something also academicians are required to cultivate such rationality to develop the sense of searching or surfing on internet level, because "the internet" also understands the human language, and it also serves, what a human wants, sometimes beyond one's understanding, but one needs to sense that sense which internet wants its users to comprehend. Perhaps as we can predict the forthcoming generation would be with "perfect coding language" or "numerical language".

Administration

     In ancient times exams wasn't administered, so the exams weren't required to be taken, the purpose of education was only to "self-control" & to develop one's personality", to indulge in "spirituality" and "social activities". On another side, in 'medieval times' administration came into being with law in education, science and medical(as then monitoring system was prevailing in class,  where a student was to monitor a class in absence of his/her teacher). 


 If we see the same thing in prevailing education system, administration can be done in two ways, physically as well as virtually, while virtually many precautions are required to be taken, otherwise the person himself/herself/hirself may be thrashed in danger zone, and without his/her/hir attempt noone will be able to drag oneself out(e.g: Computer ethics).

 Established Educational Values

       In ancient times, the thinking tendency of mortality/immortality was prevailing, it can be said something of "metaphysics of presence" as said by "Derrida" and perhaps also the question of 'morality' but not much in practice, as it wasn't needed for the sacredity of education system. In medieval times it came into being as said in previous topic also, that then "monitor system was prevailing" and the purpose was to educate people at scholarly level than merely using them for societal benefits, perhaps on the verge of all rounder but not accomplished as wanting.


 In present times we found that with the advent of technology, people have become much smarter than technology, where they are fearless of copying in examination and considering their theft as ethically 'righteous thing' as if they were unable to get the right answer, they just got help from someone. In their perspective it may be right, but not in authority's who is observing.

Curriculum

    In ancient times, the education system was tutelaged with religious and spiritual scriptures. According to which students were suppose to shape their lives. If we see the same thing in  'medieval times' the main purpose of muslim rulers were to produce more scholarly personalities, out of any institution and so "the pen was given much importance than martyr's blood". Arithmetic, Laws, Science, Urdu, Quran, Medical etc, were included in curriculum of that time, through which the purpose of transmission of 'Islam religion' was also practised.
 While we see this in comparison of present times, this era is inclusive of all these then prevailing tendencies and produced a new merged, coloured, variant and an individual entity of this age in various forms; say in arts, commerce, science, social studies, computer science or in any inclusive field, which can be included in it and it happens that as a particular tendency ripens its roots, it transforms into a huge umbrella term.

   For example: Cultural studies: which is based on interdisciplinary as well as multidisciplinary studies.

Deconstructive_Analysis_on_the_same_idea

As the "virtual classroom idea" is taken for "deconstruction". We see in its absence 'the traditional as well as medieval times educational system'. In past in absence of 'synchronous system of learning' we had 'asynchronous system'. Where in place of white board, marker and chemical for wiping out black board, there was blackboard, chalk and duster system. In former one, one can easily wipe out without spreading pollution, while in latter one has to rub out and pollution will get spreaded, through the particles of chalk, which is made up of 'calcite mineral' known as 'carbon rock'. It also suggests "the marker of one's history" though it can't be because at that time, technology wasn't existing, so obviously there won't be any device for recording, but we can take this in "foot prints/finger marker", seems to be mere a structure that reveals an identity of utilization, for welfare purpose of its seekers/learners.
Moving to the aspect of curriculum, "synchronically if we look, we're served material through 'academic internet website' along with concerning video and audio clips, to clear our understanding of  any uncomprehended topic/subject. In its absence if we see then 'religious scriptures and in medieval times the advent of medical, law faculties etc, will catch our sight, comparatively  today we have an ample of disciplines, which are integrated and are interdependant on one another. Likewise are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches, which can be done by plentiful knowledge of various disciplines with an individual entity, but this is such an entity, which can be transformed in a newer form if utilization is done in a proper way. While predicting future of various faculties, perhaps the coming generation will be replacing or generating "brain apps".

Conclusion

         Thus if we look into all three phases, we found that the then prevailing two phases 'medieval as well as in ancient times' both had 'cracks and fractures with gaps' which is perhaps filled by 'the present time' with dissemination of information and science and technology. As in ancient times; 'religion along with spirituality' was standing aloof, while at this time perhaps, science & technology is going to stand apart without any moral, ethical and meditative support. As itself science  and technology has acquired such a space that it itself is able to provide all human needed values. Where a human can satisfactorily though smartly has to utilize with what he/she is bestowed with and perhaps will need rigorous meditation than needed in usual life. If we see the same thing in administration/the established values, it seems that at that time as due to ignorance, avoidance and lack of knowledge, in every prospects, shallowness was there, it has been only filled with  advent of technology and dissemination of information.

Thankyou
Samiya Kagdi
A Learner at PG center
Department Of English 
MKBU

Applied Sources

• http://prasanthvenpakal.blogspot.com/2014/11/education-during-medieval-period.html.

• https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2015/03/deconstruction-and-derrida.html.

• https://www.india-a2z.com/education-in-ancient-india.html

• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/islamic-education-during-medieval-india/84833

Literary-Terms-Technoculture-Speed-And-Slow-Movement

In the 21st century, particularly in Science&Technology society, though we're given many facilities, swiftness, comfy towards any work but it had say directly or directly have snatched the peace of mind. It has stolen the traditional five sensing abilities of human. Those are tasting, listening, speaking, reading and smelling habits. Speaking, smelling and tasting are yet to be done in some measure, especially speaking aspect, with the help of adaptability but what is about the two essential skills, which are the roots for empathically understand the given content and so though with influence of technology, a person is marred from any new ideas, concepts and variation. Hence why not to be slow? Slowness doesn't mean to be idly waiting for opportunity but offering reliability towards a person's work. Which we're going to see further in the same writeup.

 

Snail Pace VS Warp-Speed Pace 

Definition of slowness and speed:

Slowness denotes dullness, inertness, sluggishness, idleness and which is not usual but time seeking. A thing done unwillingly and stupidly. 

While one the other side if we see "the definition of speed". It denotes, haste, hurry(unconcerned of direction, moving as air moves, which has no volume but thinness, If metaphorically seen) insensible and which is associated with snatching, acquiring someones position, which actually leads towards committing crimes.

With reference to "three texts on speed culture", but with different contexts; subsequently by 'Jean Baudrillard : Simulcara(seemingly real objects)and Simulation(the imitation of prevailing situation), Paul Virilio : Dromology, Ulrich Bech : Risk culture, we're going to describe how a culture is looking when in speed, how it is reflecting on people as well as one's life, who unawarely suffers, and can't wake up until and unless, didn't get a "wake up call of illness" for committing insanity, which he / she has done with himself / herself, unconcerned about the dire consequences. As everything needs a solution, it also has a solution, but it will be with balance and slowness of life, which isn't literal but beneficial. 


Jean Buadrillard's "Simulacra_And_Simulation" is about the situation, which is captured in image, a distortive representation, of any object, art, music or dance. Which according to 'post-modernism's effect' is a disparate fragmented experience, constantly keeps on bombarding on music, dance or on any form of art. 

Postmodernism Art.

As 'postmodernism movement' is the result of 'modernism movement', everything in this specific period was in 'distortive / repairment state, where any image, picturizing the prevailing situation of that time, seemed to be artificial/superficial but not coherent and in depth, it had loosen the depth.
Refering to "Paul Virilio's Dromology" whose very meaning is borrowed from ancient greek and which means "the science / logic of speed": It says that it is the structuring of warfare and modern media culture.

Example of Warfare : 

A game, which is based on battle.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_(2019_video_game)

Modern Media Culture

Anything, which suddenly happens and as it starts moving in speed, at first it looses it's very essential nature, and try to overcome something, which is moving so slowly. That is a possession of territory.

 

Imperialism

Colonialism

But here possession doesn't have any concern with laws and contracts(as it is done between two countries)but with movement(speed) and circulation(spreading). While concerning Imperialism and Colonialism, it can be seen as forced to forge on documents of law and contracts.

For example 

Any of the mediums of modern media through which information is widespread and it is conveyed through various social platforms, so it also has 'speed tendency'.

Media Culture 

Moving further this very thing also is responsible for undermining democracy, the very value of democracy is subverted by democracy itself. Instantaneous communication has marred the charm of detailed discussion and consensus aspect in any field.

 

A variety of mediums through which "instantaneous communication" is done.

On equivalent level, if it has positive side, concerning competence and potentiality of power, it also has its negative side, which will contribute in marring person's personality, which is actually very essential for wroughting the world.
If in brief we talk about "Ulrich Bech's Risk Society". It is an entanglement of solution and problem. If one thing is resolved at once, it definitely on other side, would have problem. So men / women / professionals aren't free from problems. Those who're not professionals, have to suffer a lot with anxiety, insecurity especially concerning technical field (computer science).
Where computer itself is a device, which has many problems, from simple error of texting to complexive anti-virus problems. Where a person, if he / she isn't aware of or ignorant of such devices may have to suffer a lot and it has layered up of problem and solutions, so one is needed to work with presence of consciousness of mind.
All three tendencies can be moderated with "slow movement" as introduced in "the world institute of slowness"(1999) and in praise of slow movement. As it has concernment with healthier, happier and productive prospects of life. Though it seems to be at snail pace, but it is at right speed. It is qualitative rather than quantitative, it isn't counting hours and minutes of working, but savoring(taking pleasure) from work.


Thus the three different ideas of "technoculture" which has advantages as well as disadvantages, not sufficing with universality, rather concerning partiality in providing, benefits or misbenefits of technology, that seems to be weighing on one side rather than weighing equally. 

Thankyou
Samiya Kagdi
A Learner at PG Center
Department Of English
MKBU

Works Cited 

'Slowness&Speed', Merriam-webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slowness/speed, accessed 29th April, 2020.

Barad, Dilip. "Slow movement: A cultural shift towards slowing down a life's speed", Dilip Barad's blog, Dilipbarad.blogspot.com, https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2020/02/slow-movement.html. 

Bech, Ulrich. "Risk society: Towards a new modernity. Trans. Mark Ritter. London: Sage, 1992. 
Baudrillard, Jean. "Simulacra & Simulation". Trans. Paul Foss, Paul Patton, and Philip Beitchnan. New York Semiotext(e), 1981. 

Virilio, Paul. "Speed & Politics: An essay on Dromology. New York: Semiotext(e) 1977[1986]. 
Berg, Maggie & Barbara Seeber. "Slow Professor: Challenging he Culture of Speed in the Academy". University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, 2016.

Semester-2-Academic-Presentation-Digital-Humanities

Hello Readers

Digital humanities 1[1] from samiyakagdi

4: A-Survey-on-Views-of-Marriage-associating-with-Romantic-Victorian-Era

Welcome Readers!

Since from the anciency
you trapped the Innocency,
In the cage of marriage.
Giving the name of social/cultural institution;
You spreaded your virus,
Through Rome, tribes also recorded in the Bible.
How is your very nature?
To trap any creature!
But given freedom to non-sensical feathers..
From time to time you brought a few new versions of marriage,
Unconcerned for the outcomes;
Whether monogamy, polygamy or multituant gamy concept!
Why didn't you think of an alteration;
Retaining your very term,
But transiting your very nature;
And see how with constant practice,
It is furthering from generation to generation..!
Tell me whether to be proud of ?
Or
Curse to your instinction?

As a result people gain freedom to their very restriction;

Don't know altogether an inclusion of liberantain and homosexual,

But still waiting for an upgraded version...


To be continued...


VIEWS ON MARRIAGE

With reference to Victorian Era & Romantic Era if we look into the views on marriage, concerning two novels subsequently; Sense & Sensibility(pub. In three volumes, 1811) by Jane Austen and Middlemarch(Pub. In Eight installment from 1871-1872), we will find in the former novel, only the influence of love & marriage, seems as a woman / girl's only purpose on Earth is to get marry, have children and then the family. While in the latter novel, we will see contradiction in marriage, and between couple's ideals and those ideals become the major reason for conflict in marriage. Moreover where there is submission, the marriage gets on very well(marriage of Celia and Mr. Chattam).

Let's see how since ancient times, it is prevailing, how from time to time the aspect keeps on changing, to what extent it has influenced the people and at present time what is actually the need of people, marriage, love, mutual understandingor something else..

As the above mentioned video speaks about the history of marriage, started from Rome, later on practiced by Chinese and Tribal people. But how from time to time it changes its values and goals.

I had carried on a survey on the marriage, and tried to know, vivid views of the people regarding marriage.

A screenshot of survey

Where I found that most of the people like to remain single than getting married or going on with love marriage. Then love marriage was also given down rating by the people.

If we try to see the same thing in context of the novel called Sense & Sensibility, we're to see that the novel describes the romantic relationships of both; Elinor and Marianne.

One, who represents "sensibility" by being passionate and emotional is dragged into an unending stream of emotionality while the another one, representing "sense" by being practical, prudent who always spoke after giving any thought a moderation and believes in resignation and acceptance rather than ignorance.

In both the cases, involvement of love is seen and it is this step, which will gradually lead to get marry to their respective beloved ones.

Though we have seen that Marianne talks about her love for (Shakespaere's poetry, music and dance) but all in all it can only be seen as the novel representing the romance happening among Marianne & Willoughby / Colonel Brandon and Elinor & Edward Ferrars, how they're behind making their lovestory successful and ultimately which leads to the climax of marriage.

Which seemed to be related with interdependancy rather than living life with free will.

Furthermore the aspect of "arrange marriage is also seen" regarding Fanny, her mother and her preference of selecting bride, who must have a huge sum of money / material things to carry as a dowry for her in-laws and husband. Otherwise the girl won't get preference.

While in Middlemarch we see the idealism behind marriage (concerning Dorothea), submission in terms of marriage between Celia & Mr. Chettam and ambition(idealism also can be said here) considering Lydgate.

Seems as the relation of marriage is already being built on expectation, concerning Dorothea, a glimpse also can be seen in Rosemary (Lydgate's wife) and yes the last one, in Celia's case as she believes in domestication, she can easily adjust with her husband with submission as is somewhat materialistic in view, so what a husband wants? To engage his wife, where she wants herself to.

In my survey a question was asked and that was: "what is marriage"?  I got variety of answers that it is mere a social construction / custom, and involvement of two families(arrange marriage) or a bonding between the two.

A screenshot of marriage survey

Other was about 497 section, which speaks about "the decriminlization of adultery". Some of the answers which I got from this survey was, it is fine, some says man is targeted of being unfaithful to his wife or gives both the partners freedom. Then a question arises that then what is the use of getting marry? Why not to then remain single and live life teeming... Because marriage is something which is based on faithfulness, yes who're not having problems in their lives / in marriage lives, why not to sit aside and solve the problem, with mutual understanding rather than peeping outside.

Seems as "Tu nahi toa koi aur sahi"..

A question on "liberantain aspect was also asked". Some had agreed upon, some denied and some were in between.

"Being liberal" is nice in life but in relationship though not on the part of the duo, who are involved in relationship, but the outsiders may be having many doubtful questions regarding the nature of that very relationship. Which proved to be the contamination for that relationship, where one's faithfulness, love involvement and fidelity would never be counted. The calculation will only be done of the manner of that relationship.

Also talked about "Vasudev Kutumbkam ideology" where some were telling that they still follow, some were in between, some didn't bother about it at all.

It seems as "marrige system" is something which is only concerning reproduction and social bondage nothing else. Though the thing has changed and still evolving in contemporary times but it seems as the social norms and values were only enforced on women rather than on men or having the idea of equal distribution between the two.

Hence now the tendency and the concept of marriage is able to achieve transparency where people are free to think about their lives on their own, an applausive hand of education is behind this free will. Otherwise it wouldn't have been made as such as due to education people got awareness and accordingly they learn to see the socio-cultural differences and gradually of economy, regarding men & women relationships and as per the tendency it has its reflection on society as well as on people.

Thankyou

S. Y. Kagdi

A Learner at PG center

Department of English 

MKBU

Postcolonial-Reading-in-context-of-Shashi-Tharoor-Ngugi-Wa-Thiongo

Being part of the Sunday reading activity, we students are expected to work on this activity dynamically, so we may have many ideas from different fields and which we can present as our perspectives, refering any task which is actually our prime concern and the other things based on it. 

Refer this book for better understanding

Any revolution in any country/region/continent is based on some factors, which were being happened priorly, and were able to give lesson to those who were colonised by th colonizers. Laterly those happenings are inscribed by the respective writers of the particular age or by those who are well aware of and can differentiate those treatment,dealing manner and in the name of civilization, exploiting the colonised people.

As we are knowing when Britishers ruled in India, the period had become dark and had its negative vibes all over the world. In this blog also I'm going to discuss, some of the arguments put forward by "Shashi Tharoor" an indian politician and diplomat. Who had written his book in "An era of darkness: The British Empire in India". In which he has put his views as how "They"(britishers) had widened their legs through Bengal, to have power all over the india, in 1757 and how gradually by implementing their book designed laws(seems working as power), with concernment of politics and economics, they destroyed, weakened and drained india through its resources and how those are responsible for dividing Muslims and Hindus, while this wasn't prevailing earlier. Though their superficial concern was to show their nicety towards india but deeply they were eating india due to the Indians lackness in identifying their abilities and capabilities.

ARGUMENTS IN INDIA'S DEFENSE-SHASHI THAROOR

Let's see some arguments put forward by "Shashi Tharoor" in his videos's speeches, how he has represented his ideas and arguments, regarding "the british colonialism in india and its empire".

Refer to this video, to know about the happenings in india during "The British Raj".

Argument-1:

Central argument  to make for "British Raj" is : Britishers came into the country, which was one of the richest countries in the world in 1700 India was the single riches country. GDP growth 27%(world gdp 23%[India's gdp]).

As it is said that they had invaded through "Bengal" in India, from where they gradually expanded their colonial land and those were also recognized as their princely states, which was made possible by negotiations of Jagirs and Mughals and some of the other unknown resources.

They were known of that these Indians are foolish, they don't have adequate knowledge of things as they had and as they are influenced with modernism aspects of life, they're not and it would be easy to take everything, for what those are destined to eat but as they're ignorant then why we shouldn't have our maneuvering share and they (britishers)had!

They implied their book for laws, where poor people prevented from Charity and it was excused that it is because they want them to work and for which those have established such working camps where indians were constantly made to toil and work with their body and soul.

Bengal also faced famine for two times; respectively in 1770 and 1944-43. Where as per the announcement of Winston Churchill all the grains was exported in Europe, though the people of Bengal were starved to death. It seems as he was only interested to prosper his own country rather than thinking for welfare of the people of India. Simply predicting invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia, which is actually indefinite while what was seen, wasn't repaired.

A movie story based on this famine, during "the II world war":https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distant_Thunder_(1973_film).

It seems as they wanted Indians to be engaged somewhere so they may have, what is required for their country. For this they had also levied unfair punitive tariffs on such exporting goods, concerning ships, steel and textile industries. Their country's ship has life of only 7 years, while India's was qualititavely high and solid and also was the case of "Damascus sword" which wasn't  seen in their country.

Perhaps the resources have been utilized but needs awareness, skills, capability and specific ability to utilize in such extent but in absence of such things whatever you have what is its use if you're not able to utilize in proper way.

We can study political aspects from such novels also, in either way it can be done, though pros or cons may be differing but similarises somewhere and as it is said "in literature all the happenings of society/country/people are mirrored" literally can be seen here.

Shashi Tharoor's "Oxford speech"

Argument-2

(Views on post-colonial mindset):

Enough education for their own purposes: As we know before the advent of "British Raj" in India, India was ignorant of English language and only we had some of the regional languages, regarding diverse religions, along with gurukul system for gaining education, which was in conventional manner and if in and around something in regular manner is going on, introduction of something eye catching, attractive, lustrous would be proved as a  means for hypnotizing people into its depth and involving them at such extent that they would become blind to see, what is going on at surface level. The same was happened with Indians.

They had introduced their language but only what will help them to fulfill their own purposes, only the chunks of language were given, which were unable even to chew properly. If it is chewed properly then only it can be digested or able to provide its required nutritions to body. But if not then how?

For example: Robinson Crusoe(25th April, 1719) Daniel Defoe: We also see here relationship between "Master and Servant". How as being cannibal Friday though in nice manner but is served what his master wants him to.

Refer to the below mentioned link to know more about the novel.

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/robinson-crusoe/friday

While in India the existing languages "as Sanskrit is called the mother of all languages, and all indian languages are its descendants, were serving the spiritual purpose" to its country as well as the people.

Can it be said, that under influence of religion or excessive spirituality they weren't able to recognize their duties towards country, along with how they are blessed with all resources that if being utilized in proper way, they may be having something new, regarding India.

Argument-3

Private profit was of all British and public profit was for Indians:

As we know by refering the speeches of "Shashi Tharoor" that how they don't like anyone from India having an equal foot in politics as they have in the form of "British East India Company". If anyone has in India then perhaps there will be questions for the manner of distribution or equal proportion but as there is none then obviously what share they would like, they throw among the public of India. Where how they are given and if they are satiated with what they are provided, won't be their business to see. Their only aim was to loot the essential resources from India and affluent their own country.

As we had seen in Indian movies of 80s, how "Zamindar" are exploiting "Aam Janta". E.g: Aaj Ka Arjun ( Starring Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bhaduri).

https://youtu.be/O72Oit3Hnxw

Refer this link to clear the context of "the dominative power called zamindar and the poor public".

We may also have some arguments by refering some of the videos.

As per Shashi Tharoor's speech they had also systematically tried to separate Hindu and Muslim community people and accordingly majoritized them by placing them in their particular region in Bengal. While before their invasion in India, Indians were living altogether happily, Hindus were going in masjid and muslims in temple.

We find the same aspect in "Medieval period" where people don't speak of "Augustine's six ages of the world or believe in Joachimite prophecy(an Italian theologer). If some are excluded from their natural environment then obviously havoc will be generated among the people and so perhaps we had many volunteers like; Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Gandhiji and many writers, who by mirroring India's situation in literature, had tried to bring awareness.

For example: Henry Dorezio's: 'The Fakeer of Jungheera' where how satiparatha  was at that time is highlighted. Aurobindo's some of the novels: the life divine, the secret of the veda, synthesis of the yoga(describes the divinity in india before the arrival of Britishers) and how the India will be if they are thrown out(the future poetry).

We also have an example of "Kanthapura" where we can literally see the state of india prevailing at that time and how with the advent of Mahatma Gandhiji it changes gradually.

Personal impact on Shashi Tharoor's arguments and reasons

As Shashi Tharoor studies each and every treatment of Britishers that they paid towards India with all his perspectives, his argument and its reasons and  solutions seems to be constructive rather than destructive.  He isn't only claiming Indians or Britishers, he also says though they were manipulative, nominative, negatively constructed, superior in many aspects comparing the Indians, but if Indians have oppressed and adapt concerning the prevailing situation and equipped with required abilities and capabilities perhaps they wouldn't had succeed in doing so as they did to india, a century ago. Perhaps as he is politician he can understand politics going in and around in proper context.

when we know the former status of something and then compare it with contemporaneous time, along with all the happenings in between, we come to know that how in such ignorance a country/thing/human can be dethroned from his/her/its own place and if it is getting stimulation further we don't know at what measure it will be destroyed, we open our eyes from ignorance when everything is already done and now we don't have anything to do, "helpless".

Examples:

We may have an example from "Heart of darkness"(congo-Africa): How "Kurtz" the another reflecting self of "Joseph Conrad" as said in the novel, is assigned such illegal tasks by Europeans, under influence of imperialism and colonialism and as "Kurtz" is unable to understand and can say due to his greed, he had blocked all his working/common senses where atleast he can open the door of realization but as unable to, lead to his own annihilation.

Know more about the novel story "click here"

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness

If evaluating with the same perspective the novel "Ghashiram Kotwal" by Vijay Tendulkar. Here "Nana Phadanvis" one of the prominent ministers of court, while "Ghashiram" as the chief police. Where how Nana Phadanvis by being in power give rise to such ideologies to serve his own purpose, here the subject is Ghashiram. Where as we see back in the days of  British raj, we come to know as evaluating with political aspect that there may be someone like "Ghashiram Kotwal" who himself is humiliated for uncommitted deed and who wants revenge from Brahmins of Pune, who are responsible for such guilt. As he blinded himself at such extent that he is unable to see clearly that "Nana" is using him to fulfill his own purposes, would have been done  the same in india and in that darkness he commits uncountable ignorant sins in his own ignorance and gradually thrown out of the flesh as seed of something is removed out. We can see literally here that  without seed anything would be in distortive manner(in india its resources were its seeds/bones and as it is snatched by other country, those will make their place but always remains in defeciet state). As said by "Horace Walpole":

"What is England now, a sink of Indian wealth"!

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghashiram_Kotwal_(film)

Refer this link to know more about the novel.

You can refer to some of the videos to know about the "British Raj" in detail.

India In Contemporary Times

If we see this in contemporary times, what the Britishers were used to do in past as told by Shashi Tharoor that they had systematically tried to create conflict between two fractions Hindu and Muslim. The same is happening in these days, concerning "NPR" and "NCR" like implementations regarding "citizenship registration". And as we know that day by day India gdp is spiralling down to 4.5 as per the present data statistics record of 2019, due to many issues(like demonatization in 8 November, 2016)going hand in hand we don't know what is going to happen but can predict that if it isn't prevented then perhaps the india and it's people may be facing dire/horrific consequences of some unusual amendments.

A blog on Ngugiva Thiongo: African Literature and on Colonial films.

Hence we learnt here how "the British crown" has ruled over India, how due to famine in Bengal most of the people were died ignorantly, and how Shashi Tharoor has put his each and every argument and statements in very systematic manner and tried to rectify it in it's own arena, without manipulating or disrupting any aspect, introduced in his book "An era of darkness: The Britsih empire in India".

Digital-Humanities-Mathew-G-Krishenbaum-21st-Century

DIGITAL HUMANITIES

Introduction: As we know 'digitization' and 'humanities' both are differing in context as well as in meaning and tendency. Humanities and digitization, both are intersected with one another, they former means 'computing' the latter represents 'disciplines of humanities' which has relevance with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. Let us see what "DH" is doing in 'English Departments, with half a dozen of reasons, and actually what is "DH" and if it can be utilized in indian languages or not. 

DH 

DIGITAL HUMANTIES is given many names such as 'humanities computing', 'humanistic computing', how both are intersected with each other as discussed above and how finally drawn towards "DIGITAL HUMANITIES". 

DH involves teaching, researching, creation and invention. Its very nature is methodological and has scope in its disciplines. It studies how the media has corrupted these disciplines and in turn what these disciplines has provided to media in the form of literary information and how both can be parallely travel towards digi+humane world, with flexible integration. Disciplines such as History, Philosophy, Sociology, Psycology, Humanity, linguistics, styles, music and many more can be considered. While in 'digitization' the required information is utilized and transformed into knowledge with the help of 'data mining tools'. 

There are 'six reasons' of why digital humanities is in English department. 

Reason No-1 

After numeric input, there was text based data processing system, which was tractable unlike images, videos and audios. While it is a long tradition of text based data processing system, which was also within the capabilities even of some of the earliest computer systems, and that has for decades fed research in linguistics, styles and author attributive studies. 

As aforementioned stanza says the computer language was at first numeric, and after it was text based. But with the help of text, a meaning was conveyed to any variable and it has to function or work accordingly, if ethically it is right or wrong doesn't matter, depends on one who is operating rather than who is benefitting or mutilating. While it also emphasise on "writing record" rather then "phonocentricity". As it has excluded(the computer wasn't able to process those images, videos and audios, as it was able to process the text based data, and with the help of which command was given to the respective variable. 

For example : c+++ / Java / Python languages. Prior to this war trajectories were created to fought against enemies, and a digitized psychologist was made in it who was studying, analyzing the character, and as per her / his synthesized probable hypothesis giving the solution to any 'psychological ill people'. 

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-computer/ 

Here you can refer by tapping on link, how computer ethics is having it's long journey, starting with exercising/practices of vivid humanities, and then coming to cybernetics and internet. 

Reason No-2 

Computer constitutes composition 

There is the long association between computers and compositions, almost as long and just as rich in its lineage.

As computer and composition are coassociated both are interdependent on one another. With mixture of both a task can be carried out healthily.

Perhaps if we assume, human mind can function smoothly on both numbers as well as text (data), which a human is absorbing in him / her and gradually by undergoing process, it is coming out as an information, where and when a need arises, then when it is having any impact / effect on forth coming circumstances it is becoming knowledge... 

Reason No-3 

Rossetti Archive-Jerome Mc Gann

Which is described as a vehicle for 'applied theory' standing as paradigmatic. 

The pitch perfect convergence between the intense conversations around editorial theory and method in the 1980s and the wide-spread means to implement electronic archives and editions very soon after. 

Reason No-4 

Belle Lettristic Project

Much promoted project around the hypertext and other forms of electronic literature that continues to this day and is increasingly vibrant and diverse. 

Reason No - 5 

Sony walkman 

Openness of the English departments to cultural studies, where computers and other object of 'digital material culture's become the centerpiece of analysis. With which we can record our voice or listen someone's voice, reliable to read study material / to enhance listening skills or to utilize as per our needs, whenever it is needed. 

Reason No - 6 

E-Reading 

An explosion in e-reading and e-books devices, like the kindle, I-pad and nook and the advent of large scale text digitization projects.

If we throw some light on e-reading, on internet, that has now become a small global world, where anytime access is possible, which isn't like physical world, where each facilitative aspect is needed to run our lives. But to just tap by a finger tip and a person is able to go beyond his / her imagination. While it has happened that the more information is, the more it is getting stuck, than processing the information, so a person isn't everytime able to project herself / himself but sometimes with quite maturity he/she has to suppress his / herself. 

Obviously it can help very much in research, even it would be more reliable than physically going somewhere and getting, what one is needing. As we saw earlier that it is an aide which help humanity to digitize, but literally not digitizing but making our work nearly handy. 

If we see as it is affiliated with "English language" can it possibly get merge into other "Indian Languages"? 

Then if we look into the past to the "History of English language" under "the renaissance period" : There're responsible factors, like religions, evolution and revolution of such prevailing things (from 1500 onwards) and so as a result some words were emerged, practised and included in English language and for that needing people's constant practice and exercising of language aspects was fulfilled, else it wouldn't be made possible and so English language evolved as such and made a "digitized status". While the other regional / Indian languages remained static and even wasn't able to go out from their own arena, so how it would be made possible to enjoy such extension of language? That may be remaining a question mark.. 

Thus we saw here "the constitution of DH", the six reasons of "what DH is doing in English Department" and how Indian languages are seeming ignorant as didn't get inclusion in any rich status or lesser than that as English language is able to acquire. 

Thankyou 

Samiya Kagdi 

A learner at PG center 

Department of English 

MKBU 

APPLIED SOURCES 

Barad, D. "Research prospects in Digital Humanities". Dilipbarad.blogspot.com, 

https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2016/02/research-prospects-in-digital.html. 

Krischenbaum, Mathew, G. "What is digital humanities & what is it doing in English departments?" ADE Bulletin (2010):7.